公共管理评论

本文使用一个较为宽泛的中国NGO定义,分别从纵向的历史视角和横向的现实视角考察中国NGO的发展及其特点,在此基础上提出相应的政策主张并简要分析了若干机遇和挑战。从历史上看,中国虽曾有过NGO的一段辉煌时期,但其主要发展是在改革开放以来。在近20多年中,中国NGO经历了三次发展高潮。从现实中看,中国的NGO在总量上表现为一个异常巨大的群体,存在纷繁多样的组织形式,其活动领域遍及社会生活的方方面面;在结构上则呈现出显著的区域分布不均、活动范围有限、单体规模不大等特点,表明其能力受到很大的限制。同时,由于受到资源和能力、法规和体制等方面的限制,中国NGO在发展上存在一些较为突出的问题。为解决这些问题,政府需要转变观念,努力构建分类监管、资源引导和行为控制的新型管理体制,同时要完善立法、统一监管,着力推进包括公益服务组织在内的新型公共服务体系的建设。

Using a broad definition of NGOs,this article provides a general view of the development and features of NGOs in China from both a vertical historical and a horizontal realistic perspective.On this basis,it presents some related policies and briefly analyzes certain opportunities and challenges confronting China.From a historical point of view,NGOs in China had a period of glory after the reform and opening-up.In the recent twenty years,China's NGOs have experienced three developmental upsurges.In terms of the reality,the total number of NGOs in China represents a huge group with highly diverse organizational forms and fields of activity, covering all dimensions of social life.However,the structure of NGOs in China shows significant imbalances,a likely uneven regional distribution,limited territory,and small size,which limit their capacity.Meanwhile,regulatory and political constitutional restrictions show that there are still a number of serious issues to be settled in the development of NGOs in China.Thus,the government needs to alter its conventional concepts,strive to build a new management system of classified regulation,resource induction,and behavioral control,and simultaneously improve legislation,unify supervision,and focus on promoting the establishment of a new public service system which includes public service organizations.