改革年代下民营经济的扩张与市场的生成——评Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in ChinaThe Expansion of the Private Sector and the Emergence of Markets in China's Reform Era:Comments on Nee and Opper's Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China
游宇
摘要(Abstract)：
中国的经济改革与市场从何而来?思考这一问题无疑可以帮助我们更好地厘清改革开放以来中国经济高速发展的潜在机制。倪志伟与欧索菲的研究观点明确:自上而下的"国家中心论"对这一问题的解释力度十分有限,而经济制度的内生性演化以及内嵌于制度之中的社会规范与社会网络机制才是解题的关键。利用详实的问卷分析与深入访谈,作者发现,社会互动和社会规范在民营企业发展与市场形成的多个层面起到了重要作用,包括企业创立、信贷融资、招工用工、组织变革、产业集群以及技术创新等。同时,面对政治资本这一竞争性解释,作者的分析也表明,拥有政治关联与支持的企业并非拥有竞争优势。该研究的理论框架、实证分析以及所拓展的思想领域,无疑会使其成为相关领域的重要参考。当然,该研究并非没有值得商榷之处。在最后一部分,本文对该研究的分析思路、与现实和现有发现的冲突以及解释边界等问题进行了讨论。
关键词(KeyWords)： 民营企业;制度变革;市场生成
基金项目(Foundation): 重庆市社会科学规划项目(项目号为2017BS11);; 中央高校基本科研业务费(项目号为106112017 CDJXY010003)资助
作者(Author): 游宇
参考文献(References)：
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- (6)具体可参见罗纳德·科斯、王宁《变革中国:市场经济的中国之路》,徐尧、李哲民译,中信出版社,2013;傅高义《邓小平时代》,冯克利译,三联书店,2013。
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- (1)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from,Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012.其中译本为,倪志伟、欧索菲:《自下而上的变革:中国的市场化转型》,阎海峰、尤树洋译,北京大学出版社,2016。本文对于该书的探讨主要基于英文原版,并部分参见了中译本。
- (2)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.9.
- (3)早期对于温州农村工业化与私营企业发展的探讨已经有了类似的论述,参见Liu,YiaLing,“Reform from Below:The Private Economy and Local Politics in the Rural Industrialization of Wenzhou,"China Quarterly,1992(130),pp.293-316。
- (4)除了参见该书第三章之外,作者还建立了专门的网址以介绍该书的研究过程,见http://www.capitalism-from-below.com/。
- (1)其中,倪志伟对于改革初期中国的市场转型的研究无疑是该书理论建构的重要来源,比如Nee,Victor,“Organizational Dynamics of Market Transition:Hybrid Forms,Property Rights,and Mixed Economy in China,"Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,pp.1-27;Nee,Victor,"The Emergence of a Market Society:Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China,”American Journal of Sociology,1996(4),pp.908-949。
- (2)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,pp.68-70.
- (1)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.86.
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- (3)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from.Below:Marlkets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,pp.96-106.
- (4)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.132.
- (5)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from,Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.160.
- (1)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,pp.204-209.
- (2)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.11.
- (3)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.229.
- (4)Huang,Yasheng,Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics:Entrepreneurship and the State,Cambridge University Press,2008,p.52.
- (5)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from,Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.230.
- (1)张维迎:《市场的逻辑》,上海人民出版社,2010,第132-134页;Walder,Andrew G.,"Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy,"American Journal of Sociology,1995(2),pp.263-301。
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- (3)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China.Harvard University Press,2012,p.258.
- (4)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalrism from.Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.258.
- (1)Nee,Victor,and S.Opper,Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China,Harvard University Press,2012,p.259.
- (2)因此,有意思的是,科斯和王宁的研究(《变革中国:市场经济的中国之路》)集中于讨论这一互动过程的前半部分,而倪志伟与欧索菲的研究则无疑更为注重后半部分。如果综合阅读这两本著作,显然会对中国市场化改革的解读更为全面。
- (1)比如,Ostrom,Elinor,Coverningthe Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action,1990;Ostrom,Elinor,“Beyond Markets and States:Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems,"American Economic Review,2010(7),pp.641-672.
- (2)参见曼瑟尔·奥尔森《集体行动的逻辑》,陈郁等译,格致出版社,2014。
- (3)Huang Yasheng,Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics:Entrepreneurship and the State,Cambridge University Press,2008.
- (4)章奇、刘明兴:《民营经济发展地区差距的政治经济学分析:来自浙江省的证据》,《世界经济》2012年第7期。
- (1)道格拉斯·诺斯:《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》,刘守英译,上海三联书店,1994,第188页。