中国改革年代的社会政策发展Social Policy Development in the Era of Economic Reform
Tony Saich
摘要(Abstract)：
本文论证了经济改革对社会服务供应将带来的根本性挑战。伴随着关键性的制度变革,政府财政能力的削弱显著地动摇了政府作为直接服务供给者的地位。尽管具备负担能力的主体有了更多的选择,但是对农村低收入阶层而言社会服务的供给是失败的,流动人口仍被排除在现行服务体制之外。上述情况不仅要求我们对政府角色重新进行思考,而且对特定社会服务(如住房公积金和养老金管理)市场的完善发展提出了更高的要求,同时需要扩大其他 NGO 和社团组织等服务供给者的选择空间。
关键词(KeyWords)： 社会福利供给;经济转型
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): Tony Saich
参考文献(References)：
- ① T.Saich,“Enhancing Economic Security in Transition:Pluralism in Service Delivery,”International Labor Organization,In Focus Programme on Socio-Economic Security,paper No.35(2003) .
- ① UNDP,Millennium Development Goals,China's Progress 2003． Beijing:Office of UN Resident Coordinator in China,2004,p.4．
- ② UNDP,Human Development Report,2003 及各年.
- ③ UNDP,2004．
- ① Angang Hu,“From Unevenness Towards Coordination for China's Regional Development(1978-2004) ,” in China:Towards a Balanced Development.Background Papers,p.8． Beijing:China Development Forum,2004． UNDP,2004,p.3．
- ② 国家统计局.2003年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2004,126
- ③ 引用自 D.Solinger,“Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO,”The China Journal,No.49(2003． 1) ,p.67．
- ④ 洪大用.改革以来中国城市扶贫工作的发展历程.社会学研究,2003,1
- ⑥ Asian Development Bank,Country Economic Review:People's Republic of China,2001．
- ⑦ World Bank,World Development Indicators.Washington,D.C.:World Bank,2003,p.59．
- ① World Health Organization,World Health Report:Report of the Director-General 2000． Geneva:World Health Organization,2001,p.152．
- ① Jun Han,“China:From Urban-Rural Partition to Coordinated Urban-Rural Development,” in China:Towards a Balanced Development.Background Papers,p.18． Baijing:China Development Forum,2004．
- ② Economic Research Department of the Ministry of Public Health and the Institute of Development Studies,International Conference on China's Rural Health Reform and Development.Beijing,November,2000．
- ③ World Bank,China National Development and Sub-National Finance:A Review of Provincial Expenditures.Washington,D.C.:World Bank,2002,p.125．
- ④ 国家统计局.2003年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2004 Gu,E.,“China's Ailing Public Health System,” East Asian Institute,National University of Singapore,Background Brief,No.179(2004) ,pp.1-2．
- ⑤ World Bank,World Development Indicators.Washington,D.C.:World Bank,2003,pp.92-94．
- ⑥ Gu,同上,p.2．
- ⑦ Han,同上,p.18．
- ⑧ W.Liu,Zhen,X.,and Wen,M.,“Gender Analyais on Household Health Expenditure in Rural Areas
- of China,” paper presented to Conference on Rural Health Reform and Development,Beijing,November,2000．
- ① M.Tsang,“Compulsory Education in China:Establishing a Substantial and Regularized Scheme of Intergovernmental Grants,” Harvard China Review,Vol.3,No.2(Spring 2002) ,p.15．
- ② 国家统计局.2003年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2003
- ③ E.Hannum,and Park,A.,“Education:China's Rural Children in the 21st Century,”Harvard China Review,Vol.3,No.2(Spring 2002) ,p.9．
- ⑤ Q.Meng and Hu,A.,“Eliminating Health Poverty Ought to be a Top Strategic Priority in Rural Health Reform and Development,” in Economics Research Department,2002,p.67．
- ① T.Saich and Kaufman,J.,forthcoming,“Financial Reform,Poverty,and the Impact on Reproductive Health Provision:Evidence from Three Rural Townships,” in Y.Huang,T.Saich and E.Steinfeld(eds.),Financial Sector Re form in China.Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press.
- ② 零点.中国居民评价政府及政府工作服务研究报告.北京:零点调查公司。这是一项与哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院亚洲项目共同完成的全国性范围的调查。
- ③ 见 UNDP in collaboration with the ILO,An Integrated Approach to Reducing Poverty in China(n.p.:n.p.),2002,pp.21-22．
- ① T.Saich,“The Blind Man and the Elephant:Analysing the Local State in China,” in Tomba,L.(ed.),On the Roots of Growth and Crisis:Capitalism,State and Society in East Asia.Milan:Annale Feltrinelli,2002,No.XXXⅥ,pp.78-81．
- ② 国家统计局.2003年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社
- ③ C.Wong,Heady,C.,amd Woo,W.,Fiscal Management and Economic Reform in the People' s Republic of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1997,p.11．
- ④ 同上,pp.170-73．
- ⑤ World Bank,2002,pp.34,94 & 111．
- ⑥ Jun Han,“Public Finance Crisis in Chinese Counties and Towns:Performance,Causes,Impact and Measures,” International Conference Report on Rural Public Finance,2003,p.12
- ① Wong,997,p.173．
- ② Han,2003．
- ③ Saich,2002,pp.92-96．
- ④ World Bank,Financing Health Care:Issues and Options for China.Washington,O.C.:The World Bank,1997,p.23．
- ⑤ World Bank,Country Report:China.Washington,D.C.:The World Bank,1996,p.127．
- ⑥ C.Wong and Heady,C.,“Policy Recommendations,” in Wong,C.(ed.),Financial Local Government in the People's Republic of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1997,p.324．
- ① Khan,et al,“Household Income and Its Distribution in China,”The China Quarterly,No.132(December 1992) .
- ② UNDP,China:Human Development Report:Human Development and Poverty Alleviation 1997． Beijing,UNDP,1998,p.54．
- ③ 国家统计局.2000年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2001,283
- ① UNDP,1998,pp.36-38．
- ② S.Hu and Jiang,M.,“The People's Republic of China,” in Brooks,D.H.and Thant,M.(eds.),Social Sector Issues in Transitional Economies of Asia.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998,p.192．
- ③ Gu,2004,p.7．
- ④ 关于这一问题请看 Saich 和 Kaufman 即将出版新书。
- ⑤ 李卫平.中国农村健康保障的选择.北京:中国财政经济出版杜,2002
- ⑥ 关于具体分析见 C.Wong,Heady,C.,amd Woo,W.,Fiscal Management and Economic Reform in the People's Republic of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1995;以及 C.Wong(ed.),Financial Local Government in the People's Republic of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1997．
- ⑦ Wong and Heady,1997,p.325．
- ① Wong,1997,p.285．
- ② Han,2003．
- ③ 刘喜堂.关于乡级民主发展的调查与思考.经济社会比较,2000,2:74
- ④ 郭玮.加快县乡机构改革,从源头上减轻农民负担.瞭望周刊,1998,43:34-35
- ⑤ 《南华早报》,1999-08-23,网络版,www.scmp.com
- ⑥ J.Wu,“State policy and Guanxi Network Adaptation in China:Local Bureaucratic Rent-Seeking,” in Si-ming and Wing-shing Tang(eds.),China's Regions,Policy,and Economy:A Study of Spatial Transformation in the Post-Reform Era.Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,p.22 以及刘喜堂,2000:74
- ① 南华早报,2001-11-01,网络版,www.scmp.com
- ② 作者对政府官员及学者的访谈,北京,2002年4～5月。
- ③ Gu,2004． p.6．
- ④ 赵树凯.历史性挑战:中国农村的冲突与治理.见:汝信,陆学艺等主编.2004年中国社会形势分析与预测.北京;社会科学文献出版社,2004
- ① K.M.Cheng,“Education:Decentralization and the Market” in Wong,L.and Macpherson,S.(eds.),Social Change and Social Policy in Contemporary China.Aldershot:Avebury,1995,p.72．
- ① B.Renaud,Housing Reform in Socialist Economies.Washington,D.C.:The World Bank,1991,p.29．
- ② 见:Heady,in Wong,1997,p.139
- ③ 张文康主编.2002年中国卫生年鉴.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002,307
- ① 零点调查,2003
- ② 见:T.Saich,“Negotiating the State:The Development of Social Organizations in China,”The China Quarterly,No.161(March,2000) .
- ③ 民政部.2003年中国民政统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2003,132
- ④ G.Deng,“New Environment for Development of NGOs in China,” in NGO Research Center,Tsinghua University(ed.),The500 NGOs in China.Beijing:United Nations Centre for Regional Development,2002,p.26．
- ⑤ 民政部.2003年中国民政统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,2003,159
- ① Y.Meng,“New Roles of NPOs and Partnership with Government and Business,”in NGO Research Center,Tsinghua University(ed.),The 500 NGOs in China.Beijing:United Nations Centre for Regional Development,2002,p.10．
- ② J.Duckett,“State Self-Famed Income and Welfare Provision in China,”Provincial China,Vol.7,No.1． (2002) .
- ③ 民政部,2003,160
- ⑤ 中国日报,2001年8月4日
- ⑥ 徐永光.中国第三部门的现实处境及我们的任务.非营利组织和中国希望工程发展国际研讨会上提交的论文,北京,2000,8
- ① National Research Centre(NRC),Evaluation of the Economic and Social Benefits of the Project Hope.A Summary of Basic Conclusions.Beijing:Unpublished Mimeo,1998,pp.3,5．
- ② 中国日报,2002-03-13,2002-03-14
- ③ Saich,2000,p.131．
- ① L.Tsai,“Strategies of Rule or Ruin?Governance and Public Goods Provision in Rural China,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies,March,2001． L.Tsai,“Cadres,Temple and Lineage Institutions,and Governance in Rural China,” The China Journal,No.48,(July,2002) .
- ② 吴飞.中国农村社会的宗教精英--华北某县农村天主教活动考察.战略与管理,1997,4
- ③ 同上,56,62
- ④ Tsai,2002,p.25．
- ⑤ Y.Cai,“Between State and Peasant:Local Cadres and Statistical reporting in Rural China,”TheChina Quarterly,No.162(June 2000) ,pp.801-802．