李朔严

• 1:上海大学社会学院

摘要(Abstract)：

本文探究中国社会组织政策倡导对其内部公民性培育的影响。虽然西方经典理论强调二者之间的正向关系,但通过对Z省H市三个环保社会组织的多案例比较,发现在中国情景下,社会组织政策倡导面临着不确定性的风险,这一外部环境深刻影响了社会组织内部的权力结构,强化了社会组织内部原本存在的科层制,促使组织领导者个人权力的强化甚至是克里斯玛型权威的诞生,而这一高度集权的权力结构反过来改变了组织内部成员的人际关系,弱化了组织成员的公民主体性,未体现出社会组织政策倡导与其内部公民性培育的因果逻辑。象征"民主平等"的社会组织在代表公共利益发声的过程中反而蜕变为新的"利维坦",这一方面暗示了中国社会组织不同职能之间可能存在的潜在张力,另一方面也体现出社会组织对于外部环境的策略性应对往往具有意料之外的后果。未来学术界应更多关注组织环境对社会组织职能行使过程中所产生的复杂影响,从而更好地构建基层社会治理新格局。

关键词(KeyWords)： 社会组织;国家—社会关系;公民性;政策倡导;不确定性

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 上海市哲学社会科学青年项目“政治关联视角下企业发展与创新环境优化研究——基于2008—2018上市企业董监高的数据(项目批准号:2018EGL006)资助

作者(Author): 李朔严

参考文献(References)：

• 高丙中.2008.中国的公民社会发展状态---基于“公民性”的评价[J].探索与争鸣,(2):8-14.Gao B Z.2008.The China's civil society development-Based on the evaluation of“Citizenship”[J].Exploration and Free Views,(2):8-14.(in Chinese)
• 何艳玲,钟佩.2013.熟悉的陌生人:行动精英间关系与业主共同行动[J].社会学研究,(6):21-45.He Y L,Zhong P.2013.Familiar strangers:Examining the impact of Guanxi among protest leaders on homeowners'resistance[J].Sociological Studies,(6):21-45.(in Chinese)
• 黄冬娅.2013.人们如何卷入公共参与事件---基于广州市恩宁路改造中公民行动的分析[J].社会,33(3):131-158.Huang D Y.2013.How do people get engaged in civic participation-A case study of the citizen activism in rebuilding Enning Road,Guangzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Sociology,33(3):131-158.(in Chinese)
• 黄晓春.2015.当代中国社会组织的制度环境与发展[J].中国社会科学,(9):146-164.Huang X C.2015.The institutional environment and the development of contemporary Chinese social organizations[J].Social Sciences in China,(9):146-164.(in Chinese)
• 黄晓春.2017.中国社会组织成长条件的再思考---一个总体性理论视角[J].社会学研究,(1):101-124.Huang X C.2017.Rethinking the conditions of Chinese NGOs'development-Acomprehensive theoretical perspective[J].Sociological Studies,(1):101-124.(in Chinese)
• 康宗基,庄锡福.2011.试论我国社会组织的发展与公民意识的培育[J].科学社会主义,(2):110-113.Kang Z J,Zhuang X F.2011.On the development of social organizations and the cultivation of civic consciousness in China[J].Scientific Socialism,(2):110-113.(in Chinese)
• 李朔严.2017.政治关联会影响中国草根NGO的政策倡导吗?---基于组织理论视野的多案例比较[J].公共管理学报,14(2):59-70.Li S Y.2017.Resource dependency and legitmacy pressure:Does political connection affect environmental grassroots NGOs'policy advocacy?-Based on the comparative case studies in the view of organizational theory[J].Journal of Public Management,14(2):59-70.(in Chinese)
• 米歇尔斯R.2003.寡头统治铁律---现代民主制度中的政党社会学[M].任军锋,译.天津:天津人民出版社.Michels R.2003.Political parties-Zursoziologie des parteiwesens in der modernendemokratie[M].Ren J F,trans.Tianjin:Tianjin People's Publishing House.(in Chinese)
• 闵学勤.2011.社区权力多元认同中的公民性建构[J].社会,31(4):29-48.Min X Q.2011.Civility construction in the diverse identification of community power[J].Chinese Journal of Sociology,31(4):29-48.(in Chinese)
• 盛智明.2016.城市社区治理中的“强人政治”与公共性困境[J].河北学刊,(6):160-164.Sheng Z M.2016.Eagle politics and public predicament in social governance of China[J].Hebei Academic Journal,(6):160-164.(in Chinese)
• 施芸卿.2007.机会空间的营造---以B市被拆迁居民集团行政诉讼为例[J].社会学研究,(2):80-110.Shi Y Q.2007.The construction of opportunity space-A case study on collective lawsuit in B city[J].Sociological Studies,(2):80-110.(in Chinese)
• 王诗宗,宋程成.2013.独立抑或自主:中国社会组织特征问题重思[J].中国社会科学,(5):50-66.Wang S Z,Song C C.2013.Independence or autonomy:A reflection on the characteristics of Chinese social organizations[J].Social Sciences in China,(5):50-66.(in Chinese)
• 杨佳譞,孙涛.2019.回应性倡导:政策倡导中社会组织有效行动的解释框架---基于T市与S市的双案例研究[J].公共行政评论,12(2):123-142.Yang J X,Sun T.2019.Responsive advocacy:An explanatory framework for NGOeffective action in policy advocacy-A case study of T city and S city[J].Journal of Public Administration,12(2):123-142.(in Chinese)
• 姚华.2013.NGO与政府合作中的自主性何以可能?---以上海YMCA为个案[J].社会学研究,(1):21-42.Yao H.2013.The possibility of NGO autonomy during its cooperation with government-Acase study of Shanghai YMCA[J].Sociological Studies,(1):21-42.(in Chinese)
• 俞可平.2006.中国公民社会:概念、分类与制度环境[J].中国社会科学,(1):109-122.Yu K P.2006.Civil society in China:Concepts,classification and institutional environment[J].Social Sciences in China,(1):109-122.(in Chinese)
• 张潮.2018.弱势社群的公共表达:草根NGO的政策倡导行动和策略[J].中国非营利评论,22(2):1-21.Zhang C.2018.Public expression of vulnerable communities:Policy advocacy and strategies of the grassroots NGOs[J].China Nonprofit Review,22(2):1-21.(in Chinese)
• 中国共产党第十九届中央委员会.2019-11-06(1).中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定[N].人民日报.
• Andrews K T,Edwards B.2004.Advocacy organizations in the U.S.political process[J].Annual Review of Sociology,30:479-506.
• Berry J M,Arons D F.2003.A voice for nonprofits[M].Washington:Brookings Institution Press.
• Berry J M.2005.Nonprofits and civic engagement[J].Public Administration Review,65(5):568-578.
• Brennan G,Buchanan J M.1980.The power to tax:Analytic foundations of a fiscal constitution[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
• Caldwell B.2014.The road to serfdom:Text and documents:The definitive edition(The collected works of F.A.Hayek Book 2)[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
• Chen X,Xu P.2011.From resistance to advocacy:Political representation for disabled people in China[J].The China Quarterly,207:649-667.
• Donaldson L.2001.The contingency theory of organizations[M].Thousand Oaks:SAGEPublications.
• Donaldson L P.2008.Developing a progressive advocacy program within a human services agency[J].Administration in Social Work,32(2):25-48.
• Dutton J E,Ashford S J.1993.Selling issues to top management[J].Academy of Management Review,18(3):397-428.
• Gerring J.2008.Case selection for case-study analysis:Qualitative and quantitative techniques[M]//Box-steffensmeier J M,Brady H E,Collier D.The Oxford Handbook on Political Methodology.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
• Hassid J.2008.Controlling the Chinese media:An uncertain business[J].Asian Survey,48(3):414-430.
• Isin E F,Nielsen G M.2008.Acts of citizenship[M].London:Zed Books Ltd.
• Jenkins J G.2006.Nonprofit organizations and political advocacy[M]//Powell W W,Steinberg R S.The Nonprofit Sector:A Research Handbook.New Haven:Yale University Press,307-332.
• Kearns A.1995.Active citizenship and local governance:Political and geographical dimensions[J].Political Geography,14(2):155-175.
• Leroux K.2007.Nonprofits as civic intermediaries:The role of community-based organizations in promoting political participation[J].Urban Affairs Review,42(3):410-422.
• Ma Q S.2002.The governance of NGOs in China since 1978:How much autonomy?[J].Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,31(3):305-328.
• Mertha A.2009.“Fragmented authoritarianism 2.0”:Political pluralization in the Chinese policy process[J].The China Quarterly,200:995-1012.
• Nathan A J.2003.China's changing of the guard:Authoritarian resilience[J].Journal of Democracy,14(1):6-17.
• Pfeffer J,Salancik G R.2003.The external control of organizations:A resource dependence perspective[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press.
• Przeworski A.1995.Sustainable democracy[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
• Scott W R,Davis G F.2015.Organizations and organizing:Rational,natural and open systems perspectives[M].Chicago:Routledge.
• Skocpol T.1997.America's voluntary groups thrive in a national network[J].The Brookings Review,15(4):16-19.
• Skocpol T.2013.Diminished democracy:From membership to management in American civic life(The Julian J.Rothbaum distinguished lecture series book 8)[M].Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.
• Spires A J.2011.Contingent symbiosis and civil society in an authoritarian state:Understanding the survival of China's grassroots NGOs[J].American Journal of Sociology,117(1):1-45.
• Stern R E,Hassid J.2012.Amplifying silence:Uncertainty and control parables in contemporary China[J].Comparative Political Studies,45(10):1230-1254.
• Svolik M W.2012.The politics of authoritarian rule[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
• Teets J.2018.The power of policy networks in authoritarian regimes:Changing environmental policy in China[J].Governance,31(1):125-141.
• Wondolleck J M,Manring N J,Crowfoot J E.1996.Teetering at the top of the ladder:The experience of citizen group participants in alternative dispute resolution processes[J].Sociological Perspectives,39(2):249-262.
• Zhan X Y,Tang S Y.2013.Political opportunities,resource constraints and policy advocacy of environmental NGOs in China[J].Public Administration,91(2):381-399.
• Zhang C.2017.“Nothing about us without us”:The emerging disability movement and advocacy in China[J].Disability&Society,32(7):1096-1101.
• (1)访谈记录,A组织成员J女士。
• (2)访谈记录,A组织成员L女士。
• (1)访谈记录,A组织成员E先生。
• (2)笔者会议记录。
• (3)访谈记录,A组织成员S先生。
• (1)访谈记录,A组织员工G先生。
• (2)笔者会议观察记录。
• (3)访谈记录,A组织成员L女士。
• (1)访谈记录,A组织成员H先生。
• (2)访谈记录,B组织负责人S先生。
• (3)访谈记录,B组织负责人S先生。
• (4)访谈记录,B组织负责人S先生。
• (1)访谈记录,C组织负责人Y先生。
• (2)访谈记录,C组织负责人Y先生。
• (3)访谈记录,B组织负责人S先生。
• (4)访谈记录,B组织成员W女士。