王程伟,马亮

• 1:中国人民大学公共管理学院
• 2:中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院

摘要(Abstract)：

压力型体制是对我国地方政府运行现状的生动描述,然而既有文献并未清楚阐明压力型体制的作用机理,即上级压力如何通过激励和问责转化为动力,进而促使地方政府上行下效。本文以北京市"接诉即办"机制为研究场域,以压力型体制与绩效差距理论为切入点,采用16个区2019年的月度面板数据,探究压力型体制下政府绩效差距对绩效水平的影响。研究发现,正向和负向历史绩效差距的影响不显著;正向和负向社会绩效差距均与绩效水平显著正相关,而负向社会绩效差距的影响更加长效。与此同时,公众压力在正向社会绩效差距与绩效水平之间起调节作用,减弱二者的正向相关关系。上述结果揭示了压力型体制下绩效差距对绩效改进的作用,为阐明政府绩效差距的作用机制提供了经验依据,也为优化压力型体制和改进政府绩效提供了政策启示。

关键词(KeyWords)： 压力型体制;“接诉即办”;绩效反馈;绩效差距;官员激励

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金项目面上项目“第三方评估如何提升组织绩效?:中国地方政府的实证研究”(项目批准号:71774164)资助

作者(Author): 王程伟,马亮

参考文献(References)：

• 侯利文．2020．压力型体制、控制权分配与居委会行政化的生成[J]．深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)，37(3):111-120.Hou L W.2020.Pressure-based system,distribution of control rights and passive administration of neighborhood committees[J].Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities&Social Sciences),37(3):111-120.(in Chinese)
• 李文钊．2020．“接诉即办”的北京经验[N]．北京日报．
• 骆国骏，谢锐佳，涂铭．2020．一根小热线撬动城市基层治理大变革---北京“接诉即办”听民意解民忧调查[J]．决策探索(上)，(1):65-67.Luo G J,Xie R J,Tu M.2020.A small hot line drives the great reform of Urban Grassroots Governance[J].Policy Research&Exploration,(1):65-67.(in Chinese)
• 马亮．2013．电子政务发展的影响因素:中国地级市的实证研究[J]．电子政务，(9):50-63.Ma L.2013.The influence factors of e-government development in China[J].E-Government,(9):50-63.(in Chinese)
• 马亮．2016．绩效差距与目标调整:中国省级政府的实证分析[J]．公共管理评论，(3):29-50.Ma L.2016.Performance gaps and adjustments of goals:An empirical study of provincial economic growth in China[J].China Public Administration Review,(3):29-50.(in Chinese)
• 马亮．2017．目标治国、绩效差距与政府行为:研究述评与理论展望[J]．公共管理与政策评论，6(2):77-91.Ma L.2017.State governance by goal,performance gap,and government behaviors:Literature review and theoretical prospect[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,6(2):77-91.(in Chinese)
• 倪星，王锐．2017．从邀功到避责:基层政府官员行为变化研究[J]．政治学研究，(2):42-51.Ni X,Wang R.2017.From credit claiming to blame avoidance:The change of government officials'behavior[J].Cass Journal of Political Science,(2):42-51.(in Chinese)
• 秦小建．2011．压力型体制与基层信访的困境[J]．经济社会体制比较，(6):147-153.Qin X J.2011.Pressure system and the dilemma of grassroots petition[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,(6):147-153.(in Chinese)
• 荣敬本．2013．“压力型体制”研究的回顾[J]．经济社会体制比较，(6):1-3.Rong J B.2013.On pressure systems[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,(6):1-3.(in Chinese)
• 宋小宁，陈斌，梁琦．2015．区位劣势和县域行政管理费增长[J]．经济研究，50(3):32-46.Song X N,Chen B,Liang Q.2015.Geographical location disadvantage and public administrative spending growth in counties[J].Economic Research Journal,50(3):32-46.(in Chinese)
• 孙德超，周媛媛．2020．变“压力”为“动力”---基于公共服务动机理论的基层扶贫干部工作压力研究[J]．吉林大学社会科学学报，60(2):159-166,223.Sun D C,Zhou Y Y.2020.Changing“pressure”to“motivation”:A study on the working pressure of grassroots poverty alleviation officials based on the theory of public service motivation[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,60 (2):159-166,223.(in Chinese)
• 孙一平．2019．“吹哨报到”“接诉即办”的时代意蕴[J]．前线，(12):53-56.Sun Y P.2019.The time implication of“whistle for duty”and“handle the lawsuit as soon as possible”[J].Front,(12):53-56.(in Chinese)
• 孙宗锋，孙悦．2019．组织分析视角下基层政策执行多重逻辑探析---以精准扶贫中的“表海”现象为例[J]．公共管理学报，16(3):16-26.Sun Z F,Sun Y.2019.Multiple logical analysis of local policy implementation under the perspective of organizational analysis-Taking“amounts of tables”in the targeted poverty allevation as an example[J].Journal of Public Management,16 (3):16-26.(in Chinese)
• 托马斯·海贝勒，雷内·特拉培尔，王哲．2012．政府绩效考核、地方干部行为与地方发展[J]．经济社会体制比较，(3):95-112.Thomas H,Rene T,Wang Z.2012.Evaluation processes,local cadres'behavior and local development processes[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,(3):95-112.(in Chinese)
• 王长江．2006．关于“党管干部”科学化的几点思考[J]．中共中央党校学报，10(4):31-36.Wang C J.2006.The party should supervise its cadres in a scientific manner[J].Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC,10(4):31-36.(in Chinese)
• 王程伟，马亮．2020．绩效反馈何以推动绩效改进---北京市“接诉即办”的实证研究[J]．中国行政管理，(11):117-125.Wang C W,Ma L.2020.How does performance feedback impact performance improvement-Evidence from the case of“Sue for Action”in Beijing[J].Chinese Public Administration,(11):117-125.(in Chinese)
• 吴建南，徐萌萌，马艺源．2016．环保考核、公众参与和治理效果:来自31个省级行政区的证据[J]．中国行政管理，(9):75-81.Wu J N,Xu M M,Ma Y Y.2016.Environmental assessment,public participation and governance effectiveness:Evidence from the Chinese provinces[J].Chinese Public Administration,(9):75-81.(in Chinese)
• 吴建南，岳妮．2009．问责制度、领导行为与组织绩效:面向我国西部乡镇政府的探索性研究[J]．中国行政管理，(2):123-128.Wu J N,Yue N.2009.Accountability,leading behavior and organizational performance:An exploratory research based on township government in a western city of China[J].Chinese Public Administration,(2):123-128.(in Chinese)
• 闫茂旭．2013．新时期干部制度变迁与地区经济增长[J]．社会主义研究，(3):70-77.Yan M X.2013.Changes of cadre system and regional economic growth in the new period[J].Socialism Studies,(3):70-77.(in Chinese)
• 杨雪冬．2002．市场发育、社会生长和公共权力构建:以县为微观分析单位[M]．郑州:河南人民出版社．Yang X D.2002.Market development,social growth and construction of public power:Taking county as micro analysis unit[M].Zhengzhou:Henan People's Publishing House.(in Chinese)
• 杨雪冬．2012．压力型体制:一个概念的简明史[J]．社会科学，(11):4-12.Yang X D.2012.A pressure system:A brief history of a concept[J].Journal of Social Sciences,(11):4-12.(in Chinese)
• 杨雪冬．2018．地方治理的逻辑[M]．北京:社会科学文献出版社．Yang X D.2018.The logic of local governance[M].Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press.(in Chinese)
• 苑春荟，燕阳．2020．中央环保督察:压力型环境治理模式的自我调适---一项基于内容分析法的案例研究[J]．治理研究，36(1):57-68.Yuan C H,Yan Y.2020.Central environmental protection inspection:The self-adjustment of the pressure type environmental management model-A case study based on content analysis[J].Governance Studies,36(1):57-68.(in Chinese)
• 张翔．2019．基层政策执行的“共识式变通”:一个组织学解释---基于市场监管系统上下级互动过程的观察[J]．公共管理学报，16(4):1-11.Zhang X.2019．“Consensus-based flexibility”in the implementation of grassroots policies:An organizational approach-Based on the observation of the interaction of the market supervision system[J].Journal of Public Management,16(4):1-11.(in Chinese)
• 赵玉林，任莹，周悦．2020．指尖上的形式主义:压力型体制下的基层数字治理---基于30个案例的经验分析[J]．电子政务，(3):100-109.Zhao Y L,Ren Y,Zhou Y.2020.Formalism at the fingertips:Digital governance at the grassroots level under the pressure type system-An empirical analysis based on 30 cases[J].E-Government,(3):100-109.(in Chinese)
• 郑思齐，万广华，孙伟增，等．2013．公众诉求与城市环境治理[J]．管理世界，(6):72-84.Zheng S Q,Wan G H,Sun W Z,et al.2013.Public demands and urban environmental governance[J].Management World,(6):72-84.(in Chinese)
• 周飞舟．2009．锦标赛体制[J]．社会学研究，(3):54-77.Zhou F Z.2009.The tournament system[J].Sociological Studies,(3):54-77.(in Chinese)
• 周黎安．2007．中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究[J]．经济研究，42(7):36-50.Zhou L A.2007.Governing China's local officials:An analysis of promotion tournament model[J].Economic Research Journal,42(7):36-50.(in Chinese)
• 朱凌．2019．绩效差距和管理决策:前沿理论与定量研究评论[J]．公共管理与政策评论，(6):3-13.Zhu L.2019.Performance gaps and management decisions:Theoretical frontiers and empirical evidence[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,(6):3-13.(in Chinese)
• Cyert R M,March J G.1963.A behavioral theory of the firm[M].Englewood Cliffs:PrenticeHall．
• Greve H R.1998.Performance,aspirations,and risky organizational change[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,43(1):58-86．
• Holm J M.2018.Successful problem solvers?Managerial performance information use to improve low organizational performance[J].Journal of Public Administration Research&Theory,28(3):303-320．
• Hong S.2019.A behavioral model of public organizations:Bounded rationality,performance feedback,and negativity bias[J].Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,29(1):1-17．
• Hong S.2020.Performance management meets red tape:Bounded rationality,negativity bias,and resource dependence[J].Public Administration Review,80(6):932-945．
• Ma L.2016.Performance feedback,government goal-setting and aspiration level adaptation:Evidence from Chinese provinces[J].Public Administration,94(2):452-471．
• Meier K J,Favero N,Zhu L.2015.Performance gaps and managerial decisions:A Bayesian decision theory of managerial action[J].Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,25(4):1221-1246．
• Olsen A L.2017.Compared to what?How social and historical reference points affect citizens'performance evaluations[J].Journal of Public Administration Research&Theory,27(4):562-580．
• Tang X,Liu Z W,Yi H T.2018.Performance ranking and environmental governance:An empirical study of the mandatory target system[J].Review of Policy Research,35 (5):750-772．
• Zhu L,Rutherford A.2019.Managing the gaps:How performance gaps shape managerial decision making[J].Public Performance&Management Review,42(5):1029-1061.
• (1)详见北京市人民政府办公厅规划类文件:http://www. beijing. gov. cn/gongkai/guihua/lswj/yw/201907/t20190701_100164.html。
• (2)详见北京市规划和国土资源管理委员会长期规划类文件:http://www.beijing.gov.cn/gongkai/guihua/wngh/cqgh/201907/t20190701_100008.html。