王彤,张开平,庄明

• 1:清华大学社会科学学院
• 2:成都市社会科学院

摘要(Abstract)：

借助数字技术推进全过程人民民主实践，是一项重要且亟待深入探索的学术议题。本文聚焦于公众如何通过数字平台参与治理，以及哪些因素影响其数字参与意愿和实际行为。笔者使用C市参与式预算平台逾600万条匿名行为足迹，描摹公众参与预算分配全周期的实景概貌，并开展两轮问卷调查揭示公众数字参与的心理机制。研究发现，数字平台为公众参与诉求表达、利益讨论、协商决策、执行监督和结果评议等各个环节提供了整合的参与平台和开放的参与机会，其中对激发公众诉求表达方面的效果尤为显著。技术赋能感知和技术效能感通过刺激内外部政治效能感提升了公众的数字参与意愿；外部效能感则是影响公众实际参与行为的关键心理因素。本研究旨在通过经验证据探究数字技术能否扩大基层公众参与，并推动平等、参与、协商和回应等民主价值实践。

关键词(KeyWords)： 数字参与;社会治理;全过程人民民主;计算社会科学

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 清华大学自主科研计划文科专项“政治传播学的前沿推进与自主知识体系探索”(项目批准号:2023THZWJC17)的资助

作者(Author): 王彤,张开平,庄明

参考文献(References)：

• 阿尔温·托夫勒.1991.权力的转移[M].刘红，译.北京：中共中央党校出版社.Toffler A.1991.Power shift[M].Liu H,trans.Beijing:Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C.Publishing House.(trans.into Chinese)
• 蔡晶晶，魏晓楠.2023.政府治理绩效感知是否提高了公众的环保参与程度?——来自福州市黑臭水体调研与网络诉求数据的双重证据[J].公共管理与政策评论，12(5):47-60.Cai J J,Wei X N.2023.Does public perception of governance performance increase public participation in environmental protection?—Dual evidence from Fuzhou Black-odor water surveys and online appeal data[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,12(5):47-60.(in Chinese)
• 陈家刚.2022.数字协商民主：认知边界、行政价值与实践空间[J].中国行政管理，(1):26-32.Chen J G.2022.Digital deliberative democracy:Definition,administrative values and implementation space[J].Chinese Public Administration,(1):26-32.(in Chinese)
• 陈升，卢雅灵.2021.社会资本、政治效能感与公众参与社会矛盾治理意愿——基于结构方程模型的实证研究[J].公共管理与政策评论，10(2):16-30.Chen S,Lu Y L.2021.Social capital,sense of political efficacy and the public’s willingness to participate in the governance of social conflicts:Empirical research based on structural equation model[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,10(2):16-30.(in Chinese)
• 陈绍军，李如春，马永斌.2015.意愿与行为的悖离：城市居民生活垃圾分类机制研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境，25(9):168-176.Chen S J,Li R C,Ma Y B.2015.Paradox between willingness and behavior:Classification mechanism of urban residents on household waste[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,25(9):168-176.(in Chinese)
• 邓理.2023.系统性赋能：数字技术重塑基层全过程人民民主的多重逻辑[J].学习与实践，(8):23-32.Deng L.2023.Systematic empowerment:Multiple logic of digital technology reshaping the whole process of people’s democracy at the grass-roots level[J].Study and Practice,(8):23-32.(in Chinese)
• 邓雯，徐晓林，陈涛，等.2018.智慧城市信息共享与使用中的政务新媒体研究——基于开放政府的视角[J].电子政务，(10):87-98Deng W,Xu X L,Chen T,et al.2018.Research on government new media in smart city information sharing and use:From the perspective of open government[J].E-Government,(10):87-98.(in Chinese)
• 段光鹏.2024.数字技术赋能全过程人民民主的运作机理与前景展望[J].理论月刊，(3):30-38.Duan G P.2024.The operation mechanism and prospect of digital technology enabling the whole process of people’s democracy[J].Theory Monthly,(3):30-38.(in Chinese)
• 方鑫，李香，魏姝.2024.场景驱动的政府数字化转型：数字技术何以回应复杂治理需求——以江苏南通市为例[J].电子政务，(6):14-27.Fang X,Li X,Wei S.2024.Scenario-driven digital transformation of government:How digital technology responds to complex governance needs:A case study of Nantong city,Jiangsu province[J].E-Government,(6):14-27.(in Chinese)
• 胡荣.2015.中国人的政治效能感、政治参与和警察信任[J].社会学研究，30(1):76-96,243.Hu R.2015.Chinese people’s political efficacy,political participation and police trust[J].Sociological Studies,30(1):76-96,243.(in Chinese)
• 黄辉祥，程坤.2024.基层全过程人民民主：实践形态、运作机理与治理效能[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),(2):165-174.Huang H X,Cheng K.2024.Whole process people’s democracy at the grassroots level:Practice form,operation mechanism and governance efficiency[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition),(2):165-174.(in Chinese)
• 黄少华.2018.社会资本对网络政治参与行为的影响——对天津、长沙、西安、兰州四城市居民的调查分析[J].社会学评论，6(2):19-32.Huang S H.2018.Impact of social capital on online political involvement of citizens:A research in Tianjin,Changsha,Xi’an and Lanzhou[J].Sociological Review of China,6(2):19-32.(in Chinese)
• 黄欣欣.2022.社交媒体偶遇式新闻接触与青少年潜在政治参与：网络政治效能感和政治讨论的远程中介作用[J].国际新闻界，44(11):120-141.Huang X X.2022.Incidental news exposure on social media and adolescents’ latent forms of political participation:A distal mediating role of online political efficacy and political discussion[J].Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication,44(11):120-141.(in Chinese)
• 贾亚娟，张新奇.2022.环境认知、感知利益对消费者参与快递包装分类回收意愿与行为悖离的影响[J].资源科学，44(10):2060-2073.Jia Y J,Zhang X Q.2022.Influence of environmental cognition and perceived benefits on the deviation between consumers’ willingness and behavior to participate in the classified recovery of express packaging[J].Resources Science,44(10):2060-2073.(in Chinese)
• 李锋.2023.治理民主与民主治理：全过程人民民主视域下的基层治理创新——以北京市接诉即办改革为例[J].公共治理研究，35(6):53-60.Li F.2023.Governance democracy and democratic governance:Grassroots governance innovation in view of whole process people’s democracy—Taking the “Handling-Complaint-Straightaway Reform” in Beijing as an example[J].Public Governance Research,35(6):53-60.(in Chinese)
• 李洁，韩啸.2019.公民自愿、技术接受与网络参与：基于结构方程模型的实证研究[J].情报杂志，38(2):201-207.Li J,Han X.2019.Civic voluntarism model,adoption of technology and E-participation:An empirical study based on structural equation model[J].Journal of Intelligence,38(2):201-207.(in Chinese)
• 李济沅，孙超.2022.大学生非制度化网络政治参与意愿研究——基于1159名在校大学生的实证分析[J].中国青年社会科学，41(3):64-74.Li J Y,Sun C.2022.A study on the willingness of college students to participate in non-institutionalized network politics—An empirical analysis based on 1159 college students[J].Journal of Chinese Youth Social Science,41(3):64-74.(in Chinese)
• 李占乐，魏楠.2020.中国公民网络政治参与影响因素实证研究的量化整合——基于文献的权重分析和元分析[J].公共管理评论，2(2):65-80.Li Z L,Wei N.2020.Quantitative integration of empirical research on factors influencing Chinese citizens’ online political participation:A weight- and meta-analysis[J].China Public Administration Review,2(2):65-80.(in Chinese)
• 刘滨，许玉镇.2021.网络“舆情问责”的控权机理何以生成?——基于抖音36起“涉官”舆情事件的扎根研究[J].电子政务，(4):90-104.Liu B,Xu Y Z.2021.How to generate the control mechanism of “Public opinion Accountability” on the Internet?—Based on the rooted research of 36 “official-related” public opinion incidents in Douyin[J].E-Government,(4):90-104.(in Chinese)
• 陆敬筠，仲伟俊，朱晓峰.2010.电子政务服务公众参与模型及实证研究[J].情报科学，28(8):1247-1252.Lu J Y,Zhong W J,Zhu X F.2010.The empirical study on e-participation model and the influcencing factors[J].Information Science,28(8):1247-1252.(in Chinese)
• 马修·辛德曼.2015.数字民主的迷思[M].唐杰，译.北京：中国政法大学出版社.Hindman M.2015.The myth of digital democracy[M].Tang J,trans.Beijing:China University of Political Science and Law Press.(trans.into Chinese)
• 孟天广，李锋.2015.网络空间的政治互动：公民诉求与政府回应性——基于全国性网络问政平台的大数据分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),30(3):17-29.Meng T G,Li F.2015.Political interaction in cyberspace:Citizens’ demands and government responsiveness:A big data analysis based on a national online political platform[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),30(3):17-29.(in Chinese)
• 孟天广，张小劲.2018.大数据驱动与政府治理能力提升——理论框架与模式创新[J].北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),31(1):18-25.Meng T G,Zhang X J.2018.Big data driven and government capacity building:Theoretical framework and innovative models[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Social Sciences Edition),31(1):18-25.(in Chinese)
• 牛耀红.2023.媒介化协商共治：一种成长中的全过程人民民主实践路径[J].新闻与传播研究，30(11):5-22,126.Niu Y H.2023.Media consultation and co-governance:A growing practical path of Whole-Process People’s Democracy[J].Journalism & Communication,30(11):5-22,126.(in Chinese)
• 谭旭运，豆雪姣，董洪杰，等.2019.主观阶层、流动感知与社会参与意愿——基于网络调查的实证研究[J].社会发展研究，6(1):204-224,246.Tan Y Y,Dou X J,Huang H J,et al.2019.Subjective social status,mobility perception and social participation——An empirical study on an online survey[J].Journal of Social Development,6(1):204-224,246.(in Chinese)
• 唐亚林.2023.全过程人民民主：中国民主的历史性飞跃与发展战略选择[J].政治学研究，(6):3-13.Tang Y L.2023.The whole-process people’s democracy:The historic leap and the choice of development strategy of Chinese democracy[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(6):3-13.(in Chinese)
• 佟德志，王旭.2022.全过程人民民主的要素与结构[J].探索，(3):42-49.Tong D Z,Wang X.2022.Elements and structure of the whole-process people’s democracy[J].Probe,(3):42-49.(in Chinese)
• 佟德志，张朝霞.2022.全过程监督：主体、客体与程序[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),21(3):11-17.Tong D Z,Zhang Z X.2022.The whole process of supervision:Subject,object and procedure[J].Journal of Guangzhou University (Social Science Edition),21(3):11-17.(in Chinese)
• 汪波.2020.信息时代数字协商民主的重塑[J].社会科学战线，(2):198-203.Wang B.2020.On the reconstruction of digital consultative democracy in the information age[J].Social Science Front,(2):198-203.(in Chinese)
• 王磊.2021.参差赋权：人工智能技术赋权的基本形态、潜在风险与应对策略[J].自然辩证法通讯，43(2):20-31.Wang L.2021.Cenci-empowerment:The morphological structure and the risk defense of artificial intelligence[J].Journal of Dialectics of Nature,43(2):20-31.(in Chinese)
• 王悦.2023.数字素养、资本禀赋与农户数字治理参与意愿——以河长制为例[J].农村经济与科技，34(1):47-51.Wang Y.2023.Digital literacy,capital endowment and farmers’ willingness to participate in digital governance:A case study of the river chief system[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,34(1):47-51.(in Chinese)
• 王亚婷，孔繁斌.2019.信息技术何以赋权?网络平台的参与空间与政府治理创新——基于2018年疫苗事件相关微博博文的分析[J].电子政务，(11):2-10.Wang Y T,Kong F B.2019.How is information technology empowering?Participation space of online platforms and innovation in government governance:An analysis of Weibo posts related to the 2018 vaccine incident[J].E-Government,(11):2-10.(in Chinese)
• 文宏，黄之玞.2016.网络反腐事件中的政府回应及其影响因素——基于170个网络反腐案例的实证分析[J].公共管理学报，13(1):21-30,152-153.Wen H,Huang Z F.2016.The government responsiveness in cyber anti-corruption and its factors—Based on the empirical experiment of binary logistic model[J].Journal of Public Management,13(1):21-30,152-153.(in Chinese)
• 邬家峰.2022.数字协商民主与基层治理民主化——基于江苏淮安“码上议”协商平台的实践考察[J].新疆社会科学，(5):1-9.Wu J F.2022.Digital deliberative democracy and the democratization of grassroots governance:A practical investigation based on the “Code-based Consultation” platform in Huai’an,Jiangsu province[J].Social Sciences in Xinjiang,(5):1-9.(in Chinese)
• 谢加书，王宇星.2024.数字政协赋能全过程人民民主的比较优势、逻辑机理与增效路径[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),51(2):22-29.Xie J S,Wang Y X.2024.The comparative advantage,logical mechanism and efficiency-enhancing path of the digital Chinese people’s political consultative conference empowering the whole-process people’s democracy[J].Journal of Henan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),51(2):22-29.(in Chinese)
• 熊光清.2015.政治效能感：规范研究与实证研究的进展[J].学习与探索，(12):41-47.Xiong G Q.2015.Political efficacy:Progress in normative and empirical research[J].Study & Exploration,(12):41-47.(in Chinese)
• 许峰.2023.全过程人民民主论域下的地方人大数字化改革机理探析——基于浙江衢州市“数字人大”建设的分析[J].电子政务，(10):116-132.Xu F.2023.Analysis on the digital reform mechanism of local people’s congresses under the context of whole-process people’s Democracy—Based on the analysis of the construction of “Digital People’s Congress” in Quzhou City,Zhejiang Province[J].E-Government,(10):116-132.(in Chinese)
• 薛天山.2023.网络媒介使用如何影响在线政治参与?——基于“心理倾向—情境认知”框架的分析[J].国际新闻界，45(2):6-30.Xue T S.2023.How does use of network media influences on online political participation?:An empirical analysis based on an framework of “psychological tendency-situational cognition”[J].Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication,45(2):6-30.(in Chinese)
• 郁建兴，樊靓.2022.数字技术赋能社会治理及其限度——以杭州城市大脑为分析对象[J].经济社会体制比较，(1):117-126.Yu J X,Fan L.2022.Digital technology empowering social governance and its limits:The case of the Hangzhou city brain[J].Comparative Economic & Social Systems,(1):117-126.(in Chinese)
• 约翰·基恩.2016.生死民主[M].安雯，译.北京：中央编译出版社.Keane J.2016.The life and death of democracy[M].An W,trans.Beijing:Central Compilation & Translation Press.(trans.into Chinese)
• 詹姆斯·费什金.2015.倾听民意：协商民主与公众咨询[M].孙涛，何建宇，译.北京：中国社会科学出版社.Fishkin J S.2015.When the people speak:Deliberative democracy and public consultation[M].Sun T,He J Y,trans.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press.(trans.into Chinese)
• 张成岗，李佩.2020.科技支撑社会治理体系构建中的公众参与：从松弛主义到行动主义[J].江苏行政学院学报，(5):69-75.Zhang C G,Li P.2020.Public participation in the construction of social governance system with scientific and technological support:From slacktivism to activism[J].The Journal of Jiangsu Administration Institute,(5):69-75.(in Chinese)
• 张明军，李天云.2024.全过程人民民主制度优势转化为治理效能的实践导向与优化路径[J].学习与探索，(2):27-35.Zhang M J,Li T Y.2024.The practice direction and the optimization path of transforming the advantages of the whole-process people’s democracy into governance efficiency[J].Study & Exploration,(2):27-35.(in Chinese)
• 张明新，黄欣欣.2022.青少年的社交媒体新闻接触和网络政治参与——政治效能感和媒介素养的中介与调节作用[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),36(1):113-121.Zhang M X,Huang X X.2022.Adolescents’ social media news exposure and online political participation:A moderated mediating model of political efficacy and media literacy[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition),36(1):113-121.(in Chinese)
• 赵金旭，王宁，孟天广.2021.链接市民与城市：超大城市治理中的热线问政与政府回应——基于北京市12345政务热线大数据分析[J].电子政务，(2):2-14.Zhan J X,Wang N,Meng T G.2021.Connecting citizens and cities:Hotline inquiry and government Response in mega-city governance—Based on big data analysis of Beijing 12345 government Hotline[J].E-Government,(2):2-14.(in Chinese)
• 赵勇.2022.数字赋能全过程人民民主的路径分析[J].探索与争鸣，(4):23-25.Zhao Y.2022.Analysis of the path of people’s democracy in the whole process of digital empowerment[J].Exploration and Free Views,(4):23-25.(in Chinese)
• 郑建君.2016.个体与区域变量对公民选举参与的影响——基于8506份中国公民有效数据的分析[J].政治学研究，(5):112-125,128.Zheng J J.2016.An HLM test about the influence of individual and regional factors on electoral participation:An empirical analysis based on the data of 8506 Chinese citizens[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(5):112-125,128.(in Chinese)
• 郑建君.2019.参与意愿的中介效应与政治知识的边界效应——基于政治效能感与参与行为的机制研究[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),56(3):39-50,159.Zheng J J.2019.Mediating effect of participation intention and boundary effect of political knowledge:A study based on political efficacy and political participation[J].Journal of Nanjing University (Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences),56(3):39-50,159.(in Chinese)
• 郑永年.2014.技术赋权：中国的互联网、国家与社会[M].邱道隆，译.北京：东方出版社.Zheng Y N.2014.Technological empowerment:The internet,state,and society in China[M].Qiu D L,trans.Beijing:Oriental Press.(trans.into Chinese)
• Ahmed S,Madrid-Morales D,Tully M.2023.Social media,misinformation,and age inequality in online political engagement[J].Journal of Information Technology & Politics,20(3):269-285.
• Ajzen I.1991.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50(2):179-211.
• Ajzen I.2005.Attitudes,personality,and behavior(2nd ed.)[M].Maidenhead:Open University Press.
• Bandura A.1977.Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change[J].Psychological Review,84(2):191-215.
• Campbell A,Gurin G,Miller W E.1954.The voter decides[M].Evanston:Row,Peterson and Co..
• Chen C,Bai Y,Wang R.2019.Online political efficacy and political participation:A mediation analysis based on the evidence from Taiwan[J].New Media & Society,21(8):1667-1696.
• Compeau D R,Higgins C A.1995.Computer self-efficacy:Development of a measure and initial test[J].MIS Quarterly,19(2):189-211.
• Davis F D.1989.Perceived usefulness,perceived ease of use,and user acceptance of information technology[J].MIS Quarterly,13(3):319-340.
• Fishkin J,Siu A,Diamond L,et al.2021.Is deliberation an antidote to extreme partisan polarization?Reflections on “America in One Room”[J].American Political Science Review,115(4):1464-1481.
• Hargittai E.2005.Survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy[J].Social Science Computer Review,23(3):371-379.
• Kenski K,Stroud N J.2006.Connections between internet use and political efficacy,knowledge,and participation[J].Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,50(2):173-192.
• Lane R E.1959.Political life:Why people get involved in politics[M].Glencoe:The Free Press.
• Li L J.2003.The Empowering effect of village elections in China[J].Asian Survey,43(4):648-662.
• Martin J D,Martins R J,Naqvi S.2018.Media use predictors of online political efficacy among Internet users in five Arab countries[J].Information,Communication & Society,21(1):129-146.
• McDonald T,Siegall M.1992.The effects of technological self-efficacy and job focus on job performance,attitudes,and withdrawal behaviors[J].The Journal of Psychology,126(5):465-475.
• Min S J.2010.From the digital divide to the democratic divide:Internet skills,political interest,and the second-level digital divide in political internet use[J].Journal of Information Technology & Politics,7(1):22-35.
• Murdock G,Golding P.1989.Information poverty and political inequality:Citizenship in the age of privatized communications[J].Journal of Communication,39(3):180-195.
• Oser J.2022.How citizenship norms and digital media use affect political participation:A two-wave panel analysis[J].Media and Communication,10(3):206-218.
• Rogers E M,Singhal A.2003.Empowerment and communication:Lessons learned from organizing for social change[J].Annals of the International Communication Association,27(1):67-85.
• Sasaki F.2016.Online political efficacy (OPE) as a reliable survey measure of political empowerment when using the internet[J].Policy & Internet,8(2):197-214.
• Sasaki F.2017.Does Internet use provide a deeper sense of political empowerment to the Less Educated?[J].Information,Communication & Society,20(10):1445-1463.
• Schlozman K L,Verba S,Brady H E.2010.Weapon of the strong?Participatory inequality and the internet[J].Perspectives on Politics,8(2):487-509.
• Venkatesh V,Morris M G,Davis G B,et al.2003.User acceptance of information technology:Toward a unified view[J].MIS Quarterly,27(3):425-478.
• (1)中国政府网.(2014-09-21)[2024-05-14].习近平:在庆祝中国人民政治协商会议成立65周年大会上的讲话[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-09/21/content_2753772.htm.
• (2)本文的研究重点并非阐释公众参与意愿和参与行为间的具体关系,而是在区分意愿和行为的基础之上,探讨公众参与的影响因素。
• (3)对“社区保障金”的参与式预算覆盖C市全域城乡社区,鼓励居民自主参与保障资金的分配。资金划拨分别按照“10万元+1500元/百人”与“25万元+4000元/百人”的标准向城市社区和农村社区拨付。资金的使用遵循民事民定、自下而上、村财村管、居财居管的原则,主要用于社区志愿服务、社区公共服务、社区治理服务等项目。
• (4)大数据能够克服自我汇报偏差等调查数据的局限,为研究政治行为提供实际行为数据,有助于揭示现象的实景概貌。调查数据则有助于厘清人们的主观认知与行为之间的关系,揭示现象背后的心理机制和路径;大数据和小数据的结合能够实现方法论的优势互补。
• (5)技术赋能感知变量主要采取两种处理方法:一种是五小题加总取均值的方式,另一种是因子分析的方式。因子分析结果为:主成分分析结果和平行性检验结果建议可以提取出一个因子,不存在多重相关系数平方值(Squared Multiple Correlation)过小的变量,也不存在KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)检验值过小的变量,表明变量间的相关性较强,适合进行因子分析。五小题的因子载荷分别为0.77、0.77、0.76、0.79、0.82,因子特征值为3.069,方差贡献率为0.614。在本文的分析中,选择加总取均值的方式得出技术赋能感知这一自变量。技术赋能感知变量表达了民众对于数字技术能够促进各个环节参与的主观认知,加总取均值的方式能够更加直观地表达本文分析的直接意图。为了验证结果的稳健性,本文将因子分析生成技术赋能感知变量纳入回归模型之中,得出的分析结果与加总取均值的方式在方向、取值等方面无明显差异。
• (6)实际参与行为变量的最小值为1,最大值为505,平均值为24.13,标准差为57.9。
• (7)技术效能感变量的最小值为1,最大值为4,平均值为3.25,标准差为0.75;技术赋能感知变量的最小值为1,最大值为4,平均值为3.3,标准差为0.62;内部政治效能感变量的最小值为1,最大值为10,平均值为6.75,标准差为2.97;外部政治效能感变量的最小值为1,最大值为4,平均值为2.41,标准差为0.88。
• (8)社区通常会在3月集中对公众诉求进行收集,并在4月召开议事会吸纳公众参与。前两个环节都完成之后就会进入项目公示、项目实施和结果评议环节。
• (9)为了检验回归模型的稳定性和结果的稳健性,笔者团队进行了共线性诊断和共同来源偏差检验。结果显示,在多元线性回归模型中,自变量间的方差膨胀系数VIF值均接近于1,说明自变量间的多重共线性较弱,不存在严重的共线性问题。通过Harman单因素检验,笔者团队发现EFA析出的第一个因子解释的方差占比为38%,未超过总解释量的40%,故可以认为其通过了同源偏差检验。
• (10)在调节效应的分析中,本研究将参与机会、受教育水平、收入水平、政治面貌进行了再赋值处理,其中未参与过、低教育水平、低收入水平以及群众分别赋值为0,其他分别赋值为1。受教育水平以高中为切分点,小学及以下、初中、高中、职高和中专为低教育水平,大专、大学本科、硕博生为高教育水平;根据2023年家庭收入等级表的划分标准,8万通常是划分小康水平的具体标准,故收入变量以8万为切分标准,0～8万为低收入群体,8万以上则为中高收入群体。
• (11)本研究还对技术赋能感知对数字参与意愿影响的效应进行了异质性分析。结果显示,该影响效应对于以前没有参与过资金分配的群体尤为明显。受教育水平、收入水平和政治面貌变量的交互效应并不显著。