在庙堂与江湖之间:政治联系如何影响中国家族企业代际传承Bridging State and Business: How Political Connections Affect Intergenerational Succession of Family Enterprises in China
黄杰,杨景朝
摘要(Abstract):
随着改革开放后创业一代企业家逐步接近退休年龄,我国民营经济进入了代际传承的高峰期,大量家族企业面临代际传承的挑战。本文基于对我国私营企业调查数据的分析,试图检验企业主政治联系对其传承意愿的影响。研究发现,在国家主导的政经环境下,政治联系作为企业与政府间的重要纽带是企业传承过程中的关键影响因素。它不仅显著改善企业主的地位感知和安全感知,也助力企业获得战略性的经济资源,进而提高企业主传承的意愿。作为一种补偿性机制,政治联系的代际传承促进效应在企业主家族观念较弱、外部市场化程度较低的环境中更强。本文的发现拓展了我国家族企业代际传承的内涵,加深了对中国政商关系本质的理解,为未来更有效地引导家族企业代际传承提供了有益的启示。
关键词(KeyWords): 政治联系;家族企业;代际传承;政商关系
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金青年项目“新型政商关系视野下‘民企二代’统战问题研究”(项目批准号:19CZZ006)的资助
作者(Author): 黄杰,杨景朝
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- (1)详见:波士顿咨询公司.(2021-08)[2023-11-13].基业长青:探寻家族企业传承的成功之道[EB/OL].https://web-assets.bcg.com/55/0e/1aef4cca422e88533a970f9a5a6e/the-art-of-inheritance-in-famliy-business-aug2021.pdf.
- (2)自2016年以来,本文第一作者曾先后访谈100多位家族企业主及其子女。访谈的对象主要来自上海、南京、杭州、苏州、温州、南通、无锡和合肥等地,涉及不同行业、不同规模的企业。访谈过程中,很多家族企业主都曾提及建立政治联系为企业经营活动所带来的积极意义。
- (3)在田野调查中,一个令笔者印象深刻的现象是许多家族企业主喜欢将自己担任的官方职务(人大代表、政协委员等)印在名片的第一行。在自我介绍时,他们也都会着重突出自己担任的官方职务。对此,一位从事纺织业的江苏企业主解释道:“这是党和政府对我们的一种认可,我们都很珍视这份荣誉。”
- (4)根据法律规定,相关部门审查逮捕人大代表必须获得本级人民代表大会常务委员会许可。
- (5)之所以选择以55周岁为界,主要是考虑到体制内工作的中国公民一般在60周岁左右会退休。尽管家族企业没有明确的退休年龄限制,但笔者长期的田野工作发现,从55周岁开始企业主会更加认真考虑退休后企业的运作问题。
- (6)对主效应模型中变量的缺失值作了成对删除,而对中介变量和调节变量的缺失值未作删除,因此下文模型中中介变量和调节变量的样本数与主效应模型略有不同。
- (7)市场化指数高于7.5分的省级行政单位包括:上海、浙江、江苏、广东、天津、北京、福建、山东、重庆。
- (8)根据企业主家族观念值的分布,以中位数3分为界线,大于3分为“强家族观念”,小于等于3分为“弱家族观念”。
- (9)对各模型作了AR弱工具变量的检验。结果显示,各模型AR统计量均符合在0.05的置信水平上拒绝原假设的要求,即可以在相当程度上排除“企业主是否是下海党员”是弱工具变量的可能。
- (10)之所以如此,一个可能的原因是担任省级及以上人大、政协职务的企业主样本量太少。在分析的样本中,只有23位企业主担任过省级及以上人大、政协职务,仅占样本总数的6.59%。