行政区划调整能够约束地方政府行政管理支出膨胀吗?——来自撤县设区的证据Can Administrative District Adjustments Constrain the Expansion of Local Government Administrative Expenditures?——Experimental Evidence from the “District-county Merger”
杨建坤
摘要(Abstract):
行政区划调整作为改革地方政府行政管理结构与地方政府层级的主要手段,会对地方政府产生财政效应,而撤县设区作为被地方政府频繁使用的行政区划工具,究竟会对地方政府行政管理支出产生何种影响,需要从理论和实证两个方面进行系统性的阐述。本研究基于手工整理2000—2006年《全国地市县财政统计资料》构成城市面板数据,依据是否实施撤县设区政策,将城市划分为处理组和对照组,采用多期双重差分法分析撤县设区对城市政府行政管理支出的影响,并就该影响的动态效应以及背后的具体作用机制进行检验。本文主要结论如下:(1)撤县设区政策可以约束城市政府行政管理支出的膨胀,这一结论在经过多种稳健性检验之后依然成立;(2)规模经济效应和机构精简效应是撤县设区影响城市政府行政管理成本的主要机制渠道;(3)基于动态效应的结果发现,在撤县设区政策实施后的第三年,城市政府的行政管理成本反而出现增加的现象;(4)撤县设区对地方政府行政管理支出的影响在东部和中西部之间,在晋升动机不同的官员之间,均存在差异。未来应当更加强调撤县设区内嵌于国家治理体系和治理能力现代化建设的内涵之中。
关键词(KeyWords): 撤县设区;行政管理支出;规模经济效应;机构精简效应
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金一般项目“推进国家管理精细化的机制创新研究”(项目批准号:16BZZ053);; 南开大学博士生科研创新资助项目资助
作者(Author): 杨建坤
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- (1)数据源自2019年《中国统计年鉴》。这里参考宋小宁等(2015)、王小龙和徐敬轩(2017)的研究,采用一般公共服务支出数据近似代表行政管理费支出,但其与2007年地方政府收支分类科目改革之前的数据统计口径不同,因此并不完全可比。
- (2)根据中国行政区划网相关资料整理所得。
- (3)事实上,地方政府结构治理的实践中早就出现过旨在通过撤县设区改革实现节约行政管理成本、提高行政效率的案例。例如,通过区划调整,南京市在2002年4月江北四区县并二的基础上,又减少了两个区县建制,占现有区县建制总数的15%。政府服务得到强化,通过区划调整配置,将促进行政管理和公共服务机制方式的转变,提高服务公众的水平和质量。本轮区划调整,是为了进一步减轻政府财政负担,减少人员开支,降低行政支出。详见新华网2013年的报道《13年3次调整区县行政区划,南京撤县并区意义解读》。
- (4)张莉等(2018)的研究认为,撤县设区改革之所以会引起财政支出变动,其中包括行政管理费用的变动,是因为撤县设区改革导致了基层政府(县级政府)竞争强度的变化。
- (5)当前研究对于国外的“市县合并”(City-County Consolidation;Municipal Mergers)和国内的“撤县设区”在概念上是否等同莫衷一是。从行政层级方面看,国内的市要大于县;而国外则相反,或者市和县同级。然而,从国内现有关于撤县设区财政效应的实证研究来看(张莉等,2018),概念上的不一致并不影响对国外实证研究的借鉴。
- (6)例如办公设备、交通工具、为履行行政职能投入的其他固定资产等。
- (7)人员经费支出主要包括支付给职工的工资、补贴和向职工提供福利保障等方面的费用;公用性经费支出主要包括办公用品、出差、开会、水电、邮电等支出,办公设备、交通工具购置,机动车、船的燃料和修理,房屋维修,以及开展业务活动的经费等。
- (8)通过1∶1最近邻匹配,各年样本如下:2000年为94个,2001年为159个,2002年为197个,2003年为173个,2004年为174个,2005年为120个,2006年为134个。通过核匹配后,各年样本如下:2000年为78个,2001年为156个,2002年为197个,2003年为172个,2004年为171个,2005年为120个,2006年为133个。
- (9)本研究还选取了3年、6年的时间窗口,得出的结论与5年的时间窗口一致。
- (10)Kernel匹配下的结果与1∶1最近邻匹配下的结果一致。
- (11)例如,青岛经济技术开发区在1984年刚成立时,面积只占整个青岛市的一小部分,后来范围不断扩大,1992年则与黄岛区合并。因此,黄岛区既是青岛市的市辖区,又是青岛市的经济技术开发区。
- (12)一般认为市委书记是地方的“一把手”,因此本文只考察市委书记的影响。