李延伟,谢程远,张翔

• 1:山东大学政治学与公共管理学院
• 2:南京师范大学公共管理学院
• 3:厦门大学公共事务学院

摘要(Abstract)：

近年来，我国公共行政学者围绕问责这一概念开展大量研究，但不同学者对于问责这一概念的理解不尽相同，这不仅可能会阻碍概念的科学化与规范化发展，也不利于经验研究的开展与中国话语体系的构建。为此，本文首先梳理西方公共行政学界的问责概念，认为“契约—等级”的关系差异是造成中西方问责概念差异的原因，在此基础上，借助文献梳理和逻辑演绎，归纳总结我国公共行政领域的问责研究中主要呈现出的四种理解向度，即作为机制的问责、作为制度的问责、作为关系的问责与作为自律的问责，并对这四种理解的主要特征进行了论证，尝试厘清问责这一概念的本质与特征。这四种理解既可以作为一项“元框架”,塑造具有共识性的问责概念，同时也为政治学与行政学的分野提供了新的考察视角。期待这四种理解能协助我国公共行政学者积极发现问责实践、挖掘问责经验、发展问责理论，为构建中国问责话语体系作出原创性理论贡献。

关键词(KeyWords)： 公共行政;问责;中国话语;制度;自律;关系

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金一般项目“我国地方政府生态环境治理精准问责机制研究”(项目批准号:20BZZ036)的资助

作者(Author): 李延伟,谢程远,张翔

参考文献(References)：

• 曹惠民.2011.公共治理视角下的政府绩效问责机制研究[J].理论导刊，(10):39-42.Cao H M.2011.Research on accountability mechanism of government performance from the perspective of public governance[J].Journal of Socialist Theory Guide,(10):39-42.(in Chinese)
• 陈刚，王卿.2020.话语结构、思维演进与智能化转向：作为政治新图景的中国网络问政[J].新闻与传播评论，73(6):17-28.Chen G,Wang Q.2020.Discourse structure,thinking evolution and intelligent turn:Network governance as a new political vision in China[J].Journalism and Communication Review,73(6):17-28.(in Chinese)
• 崔恒.2013.当代中国行政问责文化的社会学分析[J].天津行政学院学报，15(1):80-85.Cui H.2013.Sociological analysis of contemporary Chinese administrative accountability culture[J].Journal of Tianjin Administration Institute,15(1):80-85.(in Chinese)
• 邓集文.2008.当前中国政府公共信息服务问责体制的创新[J].云南行政学院学报，10(2):98-101.Deng J W.2008.The innovation of the accountability system for public information services of the current Chinese government[J].The Journal of Yunnan Administration College,10(2):98-101.(in Chinese)
• 邓木佳.2009.香港特区政府主要官员问责制研究[J].广东社会科学，(2):78-84.Deng M J.2009.A study of Hong Kong principal officials accountability system[J].Social Sciences in Guangdong,(2):78-84.(in Chinese)
• 高红艳.2010.行政问责制的法制构建[J].河北法学，28(9):96-102.Gao H Y.2010.Legal construction of administrative accountability[J].Hebei Law Science,28(9):96-102.(in Chinese)
• 高秦伟.2016.论政府规制中的第三方审核[J].法商研究，33(6):24-33.Gao Q W.2016.On the third party audit in government regulation[J].Studies in Law and Business,33(6):24-33.(in Chinese)
• 高晓霞.2020.国家治理体系中审计监督的民主政治逻辑研究[J].江海学刊，(6):130-136,255.Gao X X.2020.Democratic political logic of audit supervision in state governance system[J].Jianghai Academic Journal,(6):130-136,255.(in Chinese)
• 顾光海，刘丹丹.2008.前瞻性行政问责制的建构分析[J].云南行政学院学报，10(2):133-136.Gu G H,Liu D D.2008.Analysis on the construction of forward-looking administrative accountability system[J].The Journal of Yunnan Administration College,10(2):133-136.(in Chinese)
• 谷志军.2015.委托代理矛盾、问责承诺与决策问责[J].江海学刊，(1):118-124,239.Gu Z J.2015.Contradiction of principal-agent,accountability promise and decision-making accountability[J].Jianghai Academic Journal,(1):118-124,239.(in Chinese)
• 胡春艳，李蕙娟.2015.政府购买居家养老服务的问责关系分析及建构——以湖南省为例[J].中国行政管理，(11):110-115.Hu C Y,Li H J.2015.Analysis and construction of accountability relationships in government purchasing home-based care services[J].Chinese Public Administration,(11):110-115.(in Chinese)
• 胡税根，翁列恩.2017.构建政府权力规制的公共治理模式[J].中国社会科学，(11):99-117,206.Hu S G,Weng L E.2017.Constructing a public governance model regulating government power[J].Social Sciences in China,(11):99-117,206.(in Chinese)
• 黄冬娅.2012.以公共参与推动社会问责：发展中国家的实践经验[J].政治学研究，(6):99-107.Huang D Y.2012.Public participation for Social accountability:Practical experiences from developing countries[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(6):99-107.(in Chinese)
• 金晓燕，刘莉，任广乾.2021.突发公共卫生事件中地方政府避责行为的生成因素及治理[J].东南学术，(6):121-129.Jin X Y,Liu L,Ren G Q.2021.Generating factors and governance of responsibility avoidance behavior of local government in public health emergencies[J].Southeast Academic Research,(6):121-129.(in Chinese)
• 李华胤.2021.使回应运转起来：线上互动中的多维问责与有效回应——以H村“互助问答”平台运作为分析对象[J].江苏社会科学，(1):80-90.Li H Y.2021.Making the response work:Multidimensional accountability and effective response in online interaction—Taking the operation of the “Mutual Assistance Q&A” platform in H Village as the object of analysis[J].Jiangsu Social Sciences,(1):80-90.(in Chinese)
• 李江波，翁士洪.2017.地方政府回应能力的结构模型[J].电子政务，(4):13-22.Li J B,Weng S B.2017.A structural model of local government response capability[J].E-Government,(4):13-22.(in Chinese)
• 刘力锐，马辉.2017.网络问责中的谣言、辟谣与政府信任[J].浙江学刊，(4):118-125.Liu L R,Ma H.2017.Rumors,refutation,and government trust in online accountability[J].Zhejiang Academic Journal,(4):118-125.(in Chinese)
• 卢宪英.2015.当前中国公益组织网络问责研究——基于近年若干网络公共事件的分析[J].社会科学战线，(10):193-201.Lu X Y.2015.Research on network accountability of public welfare organizations in China:Based on the analysis of several network public events in recent years[J].Social Science Front,(10):193-201.(in Chinese)
• 麻宝斌，贾茹.2016.权力清单制度的理论分析与现实检视[J].探索，(3):111-117.Ma B B,Jia R.2016.Theoretical analysis and realistic review of power list system[J].Probe,(3):111-117.(in Chinese)
• 马骏.2009.政治问责研究：新的进展[J].公共行政评论，2(4):22-47,202-203.Ma J.2009.A study on political accountability:New progress[J].Journal of Public Administration,2(4):22-47,202-203.(in Chinese)
• 马骏.2010.实现政治问责的三条道路[J].中国社会科学，(5):103-120,222.Ma J.2010.Three roads to political accountability[J].Social Sciences in China,(5):103-120,222.(in Chinese)
• 聂书江.2015.论电视问政的内在逻辑及其发展路径[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),37(1):159-160.Nie S J.2015.On the inner logic and development path of TV politics inquiry[J].Modern Communication (Journal of Communication University of China),37(1):159-160.(in Chinese)
• 潘照新.2018.国家治理现代化中的政府责任：基本结构与保障机制[J].上海行政学院学报，19(3):28-35.Pan Z X.2018.Governmental responsibility in the modernization of national governance:Basic structure and assurance mechanism[J].The Journal of Shanghai Administration Institute,19(3):28-35.(in Chinese)
• 庞明礼，薛金刚.2017.行政问责的困境与出路：基于双外部性的分析视角[J].学习与实践，(6):12-18.Pang M L,Xue J G.2017.Dilemmas and solutions of administrative accountability:an analytical perspective based on double externalities[J].Study and Practice (6):12-18.(in Chinese)
• 彭国甫，陈巍.2009.政府绩效评估问责功能的形成机理与实现途径[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),33(1):7-13,61.Peng G F,Chen W.2009.Formation mechanism and implementation of accountability of government performance evaluation[J].Journal of Xiangtan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),33(1):7-13,61.(in Chinese)
• 秦前红，刘怡达.2017.论我国政府工作报告的双重功能及其协调[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),41(5):14-18.Qin Q H,Liu Y D.2017.The double functions of the government work report and their coordination[J].Journal of Xiangtan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),41(5):14-18.(in Chinese)
• 沈岿.2017.行政监管的政治应责：人民在哪?如何回应?[J].华东政法大学学报，20(2):5-21.Shen K.2017.The political responsibility of administrative supervision:Where are the people?How to respond?[J].ECUPL Journal,20(2):5-21.(in Chinese)
• 司林波，裴索亚.2021.跨行政区生态环境协同治理的绩效问责过程及镜鉴——基于国外典型环境治理事件的比较分析[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),48(2):16-26.Si L B,Pei S Y.2021.The process and reference of the performance accountability of cross-administrative region eco-environment synergy-governance—Based on the comparative analysis of typical environmental governance events in foreign countries[J].Journal of Henan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),48(2):16-26.(in Chinese)
• 宋涛.2005.行政问责概念及内涵辨析[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),22(2):42-46.Song T.2005.On the definition of administrative accountability[J].Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities and Social Sciences),22(2):42-46.(in Chinese)
• 宋云鹏.2023.政策试点机制研究：基于医药卫生领域的考察[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社，1.
• 孙洪波.2013.行政问责制的学理解析[J].社会科学战线，(7):279-280.Sun H B.2013.Theoretical analysis of administrative accountability[J].Social Science Front,(7):279-280.(in Chinese)
• 王灿发，周鹏.2021.环保督察问责机制困局与消弭径路[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),45(6):61-64.Wang C F,Zhou P.2021.The Predicament of the Accountability Mechanism for Environmental Supervision and the Elimination Path[J].Journal of Xiangtan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),45(6):61-64.(in Chinese)
• 文宏.2011.构建我国服务型政府问责体系的相关前提[J].社会科学家，(9):66-69,78.Wen H.2011.The relevant prerequisites for building a service-oriented government accountability system in China[J].Social Scientist,(9):66-69,78.(in Chinese)
• 伍洪杏，陆小成.2015.英国问责无缝隙的实践与启示[J].理论探索，(5):100-103.Wu H X,Lu X C.2015.The practice and inspiration of seamless accountability in the UK[J].Theoretical Exploration,(5):100-103.(in Chinese)
• 西塞罗.2003.论老年论友谊论责任[M].徐奕春，译.北京：商务印书馆，91.
• 肖萍.2010.环境保护问责机制研究[J].南昌大学学报(人文社会科学版),41(4):60-66.Xiao P.2010.Accountability mechanisms of the environmental protection[J].Journal of Nanchang University,41(4):60-66.(in Chinese)
• 徐邦友.2009.责任伦理：政府问责制的道德基础[J].中共浙江省委党校学报，26(3):42-46.Xu B Y.2009.Responsibility ethics:Moral basic of accountability system in government[J].Journal of Zhejiang Provincial Party School of CPC,26(3):42-46.(in Chinese)
• 阎波，马艺源，胡春萍.2014.财政透明能改进政府绩效吗?——对B乡“裸账”案例的分析[J].南京社会科学，(4):80-87.Yan B,Ma Y Y,Hu C P.2014.Does fiscal transparency improve government performance?A case study on B town[J].Social Sciences in Nanjing,(4):80-87.(in Chinese)
• 阎波.2018.公共组织第三方评估何以可为?一项双案例比较研究[J].经济社会体制比较，(3):125-135.Yan B.2018.How does third-party evaluation work?A comparative case study from China[J].Comparative Economic and Social Systems,(3):125-135.(in Chinese)
• 杨君.2011.政府年度工作报告：官员问责机制建设的一个新视角[J].中国行政管理，(4):7-11.Yang J.2011.Government annual report:A new perspective for constructing China's officials accountability mechanism[J].Chinese Public Administration,(4):7-11.(in Chinese)
• 叶邦银，凌华.2021.问责制嵌入行政事业单位内部控制的多维路径研究[J].中国行政管理，(7):64-69.Ye B Y,Ling H.2021.Research on the multidimensional path of accountability embedded in the internal control of administrative institutions[J].Chinese Public Administration,(7):64-69.(in Chinese)
• 叶托，隆晓兰.2016.市场问责机制的局限性及超越：政府购买公共服务的多元问责框架[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报，(6):51-57.Ye T,Long X L.2016.Limits of Accountability Mechanism by Market and Beyond:A Multi-Accountability Framework for Contracting Out Public Services[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,(6):51-57.(in Chinese)
• 俞楠，黄忠怀.2016.英美两国政府内部控制暨行政督察制度研究——政治学与行政学的视角[J].中国行政管理，(11):126-132.Yu N,Huang Z H.2016.Research on the internal control and inspect general institution of the US and UK[J].Chinese Public Administration,(11):126-132.(in Chinese)
• 于文轩，林荣全.2021.责任性与避责：公共行政学研究的大问题[J].甘肃行政学院学报，(1):4-13,124.Yu W X,Lin R Q.2021.Accountability and blame avoidanc:Big questions of public administration[J].Journal of Gansu Administration Institute,(1):4-13,124.(in Chinese)
• 翟凯，何士青.2016.论行政“一把手”公共决策腐败的法律治理——基于系统协同控制理论的视角[J].湖北社会科学，(5):134-143.Zhai K,He S Q.2016.On the legal governance of the corruption of the administrative “chief” public decision-making—based on the perspective of system cooperative control theory[J].Hubei Social Sciences,(5):134-143.(in Chinese)
• 张成福.2000.责任政府论[J].中国人民大学学报，14(2):75-82.Zhang C F.2000.On responsible government[J].Journal of Renmin University of China,14(2):75-82.(in Chinese)
• 张力伟.2017.推进责任政府建设的制度创新——来自加拿大的经验借鉴[J].理论月刊，(4):183-188.Zhang L W.2017.Institutional innovation to promote the construction of responsible government:Lessons from Canada[J].Theory Monthly,(4):183-188.(in Chinese)
• 张欣.2021.算法影响评估制度的构建机理与中国方案[J].法商研究，38(2):102-115.Zhang X.2021.The formulation mechanism of algorithm impacts assessment and China's approach[J].Studies in Law and Business,38(2):102-115.(in Chinese)
• 张贤明，文宏.2008.中国官员责任追究制度建设的回顾、反思与展望[J].吉林大学社会科学学报，48(3):36-42.Zhang X M,Wen H.2008.Review,reflection and prospect of the official accountability system in China[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,48(3):36-42.(in Chinese)
• 张贤明，张力伟.2018.论责任政治[J].政治学研究，(2):89-97,127.Zhang X M,Zhang L W.2018.Further discussion on the responsible politics[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(2):89-97,127.(in Chinese)
• 张贤明，杨楠.2019.政治问责及相关概念辨析[J].理论探讨，(4):18-24.Zhang X M,Yang N.2019.On political accountability and the discrimination of relevant concepts[J].Theoretical Investigation,(4):18-24.(in Chinese)
• 赵淼.2009.社会问责：基本意涵与制度构建[J].理论与改革，(3):24-26.Zhao M.2009.A primary study on social accountability[J].Theory and Reform,(3):24-26.(in Chinese)
• 郑石桥，杨婧.2013.公共责任、机会主义和公共责任审计[J].中国行政管理，(3):104-109.Zheng S Q,Yang J.2013.Public responsibility opportunism,and public responsibility audit[J].Chinese Public Administration,(3):104-109.(in Chinese)
• 周亚越，姚蕾.2010.公民问责：现实反思与制度重构[J].云南社会科学，(4):25-28.Zhou Y Y,Yao L.2010.Citizen accountability:Reality reflection and system reconstruction[J].Social Sciences in Yunnan,(4):25-28.(in Chinese)
• 周亚越.2012.网络问责：公民问责的范式转换与价值考量[J].江汉论坛，(1):99-102.Zhou Y Y.2012.Network accountability:Paradigm shift and value consideration of citizen accountability[J].Jianghan Tribune,(1):99-102.(in Chinese)
• 朱迪俭.2015.公共行政中的“技术责任”[J].理论探索，(4):93-98.Zhu D J.2015.Technical responsibility in public administration[J].Theoretical Exploration,(4):93-98.(in Chinese)
• Abbott K W,Genschel P,Snidal D,et al.2021.Beyond opportunism:Intermediary loyalty in regulation and governance[J].Regulation & Governance,15(S1):S83-S101.
• Behn R D.2001.Rethinking democratic accountability[M].Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press,221.
• Bovens M.2007.Analysing and assessing accountability:A conceptual framework[J].European Law Journal,13(4):447-468.
• Bovens M,Schillemans T,Hart P.2008.Does public accountability work?An assessment tool[J].Public Administration,86(1):225-242.
• Choi S,Chun Y H.2021.Accountability and organizational performance in the public sector:Analysis of higher education institutions in Korea[J].Public Administration,99(2):353-370.
• Greiling D,Halachmi A.2013.Accountability and organizational learning in the public sector[J].Public Performance & Management Review,36(3):380-406.
• Han Y,Robertson P J.2021.Public employee accountability:An empirical examination of a nomological network[J].Public Performance & Management Review,44(3):494-522.
• Hirschman A O.1970.Exit,voice,and loyalty:Responses to decline in firms,organizations,and states[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,70.
• Li Y W,Qin X L,Koppenjan J.2022.Accountability through public participation?Experiences from the ten-thousand-citizen review in Nanjing,China[J].Journal of Public Policy,42(1):43-62.
• Li Y W.2024.Is hierarchy the only answer?The accountability preferences of Chinese public employees in public service delivery[J].Review of Policy Research,41(3):531-549.
• Li Y W,Koppenjan J,Wang H M.2024.Individual,organizational,and institutional accountability:A systematic literature review in public administration[J].Public Management Review,2024:1-31.
• Plescia C,Kritzinger S,Spoon J J.2022.Who's to blame?How performance evaluation and partisanship influence responsibility attribution in grand coalition governments[J].European Journal of Political Research,61(3):660-677.
• Tu W Y,Gong T.2022.Bureaucratic shirking in China:Is sanction-based accountability a cure?[J].The China Quarterly,249:259-274.
• Whitaker G P,Altman-Sauer L,Henderson M.2004.Mutual accountability between governments and nonprofits:Moving beyond “surveillance” to “service”[J].The American Review of Public Administration,34(2):115-133.
• Ye Z M,Ma B,Li Y W.2023.Wrestling with multiple accountabilities in times of crisis:Findings from the experiences of Chinese local governments in responding to COVID-19[J].Review of Policy Research,1-21.
• Yilmaz S,Guner A.2013.Local government discretion and accountability in Turkey[J].Public Administration and Development,33(2):125-142.