参与式治理:应对全球气候危机的第三条路径?——兼评弗兰克·费希尔《气候危机与民主展望》Participatory Governance:A Third Path to Tackle Global Climate Change?——A Critical Review of Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:“Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities”
关婷
摘要(Abstract)：
如何应对全球气候变化危机是当前学术界共同关注的热点议题之一。从环境政治学的视角来看,已有研究可大体划分为环境民主主义与环境威权主义两条路径。美国学者弗兰克·费希尔在对已有研究进行评述的基础上,提出了"参与式环境治理"的解决路径,作为环境民主的替代方案,旨在通过赋权、培育并调动社会公众参与环境行动的能力,共同应对生态危机。本文对环境政治学理论进行了系统梳理,并从理论视角分析了费希尔提出的"第三条路径"。研究发现,第一,"参与式环境治理"属于直接参与型基层民主的范畴,以基层生态民主为核心,充分纳入了社会价值的考量,侧重于弥补已有路径在公众参与维度上的缺陷。第二,"参与式环境治理"在应对气候危机的及时性与有效性等方面存在不足,中国应对气候变化行动与制度创新、新兴信息技术的应用等可能为国际社会更有效地应对气候危机提供有益的参考和补充。
关键词(KeyWords)： 气候危机;环境民主;环境威权
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 关婷
参考文献(References)：
- (1)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and The Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017.
- (2)Bruce Gilley,"Authoritarian Environmentalism and China's Response to Climate Change,"Environmental Politics,2012(21),pp.288-289.
- (3)冉冉:《政体类型与环境治理绩效:环境政治学的比较研究》,《国外理论动态》2014年第5期.
- (4)代表作如Mathew Humphrey,Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory,London:Routledge,2009; Graham Smith,Deliberative Democracy and the Environment,London and New York:Routledge,2003。
- (1)Stern,Nicholas,Stern Review:The Economics of Climate Change,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
- (2)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and The Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,p.6.
- (3)如William Ophuls and A.Stephen Boyan,Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited:The Unraveling of the American Dream, San Francisco:W.H.Freeman&Co,1992; Robert L.Heilbroner,An Inquiry into the Human Prospect:Looked at Again for the 1990s, New York:W.W.Norton&Company,1974.
- (4)Laura Westra,"The Ethics of Environmental Holism and the Democratic State:Are They in Conflict?"Environmental Values,1993(2),pp.125-136.
- (5)Robyn Eckersley,The Green State:Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2004.
- (6)Peter Burnell,"Democracy,Democratization and Climate Change:Complex Relationships,"Democratization,2012(5),pp.813-842.
- (7)Anthony Giddens,The Politics of Climate Change,London:Polity,2009.
- (8)代表人物如Joseph Huber、Martin J(a|¨)nicke、Arthur P.J.Mol等。
- (9)John Barry,Rethinking Green Politics,London:Sage,1999.
- (1)John Rotmans et al,Transitions to Sustainable Developmentt New York:Routledge,2010.
- (2)薛奕曦、毕晓航、尤建新等:《荷兰能源低碳转型管理及启示》,《中国软科学》2016年第7期。
- (3)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,p.95.
- (4)Simon Chambers,"Deliberative Democratic Theory,"Annual Review of Political Science,2003(6),pp.307-326.
- (5)科克帕特里克·塞尔的观点是可以通过创建无数小规模、生态化且负责任的绿色社区来应对生态危机。详见Kirkpatrick Sale,Dwellers in the Land:The Bioregional Vision,Athens,GA:University of Georgia Press,2000。
- (6)默里·布克金认为生态危机的根源是等级制统治与资本主义制度,他倡导建立分权制的社区组织与新社会体系,成立“合作式生态社区”促进生态社会转型。
- (7)鲁道夫·巴罗倡导马克思主义生态运动,提倡草根民主,以人与自然和谐共生作为其终极目标。
- (1)Frank Fiecher,Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,p.151.
- (2)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,p.155.
- (3)陈家刚:《生态文明与协商民主》,《当代世界与社会主义》2006年第2期。
- (4)黄晓云:《协商民主——生态治理中的民主选择》,《长江大学学报》(社会科学版)2016年第2期。
- (5)Graham Smith,Deliberative Democracy and the Environmentt London and New York:Routledge,2003.
- (6)埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆:《公共事务的治理之道》,余逊达译,三联书店,2000。
- (1)约翰·S.德雷泽克:《<重构公共政策:话语政治与协商实践>一书评介》,李强彬译,《公共管理与政策评论》2013年第3期。
- (2)埃弗雷特·M.罗杰斯:《创新的扩散》,辛欣译,中央编译出版社,2002。
- (3)王华:《环境圆桌会议:探索和实践》,商务印书馆,2018。
- (4)Robert Paehlke,“Environmental Challenges to Democratic Practice,”in Democracy and the Environment:Problems and Prospects, edited by William Lafferty and James Meadowcroft,Cheltenham,U.K.:Edward Elgar,1996.
- (5)冉冉:《政体类型与环境治理绩效:环境政治学的比较研究》,《国外理论动态》2014年第5期。
- (1)Bruce Gilley,"Authoritarian Environmentalism and China's Response to Climate Change,"Environmental Politics,2012(21),pp.288-289.
- (2)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,p.82.
- (3)薛澜、张慧勇:《第四次工业革命对环境治理体系建设的影响与挑战》,《中国人口·资源与环境》2017年第9期.
- (4)Frank Fischer,Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect:Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017, pp.82-85.