王绍光

• 1: 香港中文大学政治与行政系

摘要(Abstract)：

中外学界都有人认为民族主义与民主是水火互不相容的。据此不少人对中国出现的民族主义思潮大加鞭挞,断言它会阻碍中国民主化的进程。本文认为这种流行的观点既不符合理论逻辑,也不符合历史逻辑。作者不否认在实践中民族主义可能为反民主运动推波助澜,但他同时指出在民族主义与民主之间并不存在必然的矛盾关系。恰恰相反,民族主义是实现民主的必要条件,尽管它不是充分条件。换句话说,一个社会如果没有民族主义,就难以实现民主;即使实现了也不会牢固。当然仅仅有民族主义,民主并不会自动产生。阐明了民族主义要素是实现民主的必要条件,论证中国民族主义对民主的正面价值便水到渠成了。

关键词(KeyWords)： 民族主义;民主;中国民族主义

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 王绍光

参考文献(References)：

• ① Isaiah,Berlin,“Nationalism:Past Neglected and Present Power,”In Against the Current:Essays in the History of Ideas.London:Hogarth Press,1979．
• ① Baogang He & Yingjie Guo,Nationalism,National Identity and Democratization in China.Aldershot:Ashgate,2000． Ben,Xu,“Chinese Populist Nationalism:Its Intellectual Politics and Moral Dilemma,”Representation,Vol.76 (2000) ,pp.120-140．
• ② James,Harrison,Modern Chinese Nationalism.New York:Hunter College of the City of New York,1969．
• ③ Hans,Kohn,“The Nature of Nationalism,”American Political Science Review,Vol.33,No.6(1939) ,pp.1001-1021．
• ④ Benjamin,Akzin,State and Nation.London:Hutchinson,1964,p.7．
• ⑤ Cecile,Laborde,“From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism,”British Journal of Political Science,Vol.32 (2002) ,pp.591-612．
• ① Spencer,Philip and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,p.270．
• ② Nairn,Tom,The Break-up of Britain.London:New Left Books,1977,pp.347-348．
• ③ Spencer,Philip and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,pp.58-59．
• ① Liah,Greenlfeld,Nationalism:Five Roads to Modernity.Cambridge,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992,p.7．
• ② Philip,Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,p.145．
• ③ Anthony,Smith,The Ethnic Origins of Nations.Oxford:Blackwell,1986,pp.22-30．
• ④ Philip,Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,p.101．
• ② Margaret,Canovan,“Patriotism is Not Enough,”British Journal of Political Science,Vol.30(2000) ,pp.413-432．
• ③ Liah,Greenfeld,Nationalism:Five Roads to Modernity.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992．
• ④ Daniel,Druckmam,“Nationalism,Patriotism,and Group Loyalty:A Social Psychological Perspective,”Mershon International Studies Review,Vol.38 (1994) ,pp.43-68．
• ① Daniel,Druckmam,“Nationalism,Patriotism,and Group Loyalty:A Social Psychological Perspective,”Mershon International Studies Review,Vol.38 (1994) ,pp.43-68． Amelie,Mummendey and Andreas Klink,“Nationalism and Patriotism:National Identification and OutGroup Rejection,”British Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.40 (2001) ,pp.159-172．
• ① Ewa Thompson,M.,“Nationalism,Imperialism,Identity:Second Thought,”Modern Age,Vol.40,No.3 (1998) ,pp.250-262． Philip,Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,pp.97-99．
• ② Michel,Oksenberg,“China's Confident Nationalism,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.65 (1987) ,pp.501-523． Allan S.,Whiting,“Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy after Deng,”China Quarterly,Vol.142(1995) ,pp.297-315．
• ③ 引自 Philip,Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,p.128．
• ④ Philip,Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction.London:Sage,2002,p.122．
• ① John Mill,Stuart,On Liberty and Other Essays.Oxford:Oxford University Press,[1861] 1991．
• ② Ghia,Nodia,“Nationalism and Democracy,”in Larry Diamond and Marc F.Plattner (eds.),Nationalism,Ethnic Conflict,and Democracy.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1994,pp.3-22．
• ③ D.Beetham and Boyle,K.,Introducing Democracy:80 Questions and Answers.London:Polity,1995．
• ④ Iris Marion,Young,Inclusion and Democracy.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000．
• ⑤ Jocelyne,Couture,“Cosmopolitan Democracy and Liberal Nationalism,”Monist,Vol.82,No.3(1999) ,pp.491-516．
• ⑥ Ghia,Nodia,“Nationalism and Democracy,”in Larry Diamond and Marc F.Plattner (eds.),Nationalism,Ethnic Conflict,and Democracy.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1994,p.7．
• ⑦ Margaret,Canovan,Nationhood and Political Theory.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,1996,p.17．
• ① Robert Dahl,N,Democracy and Its Critics.New Haven:Yale University Press,1989．
• ② F.,Whelan G.,“Democratic Theory and the Boundary Problem,”in J.R.Pennock and J.W.Chapman (eds.),Liberal Democracy,Nomos XXV,New York:New York University Press,1983．
• ③ Larry,Diamond and Marc F.Plattner (eds.),Nationalism,Ethnic Conflict,and Democracy.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1994,pp.xi-xii.
• ④ Ernest,Gellner Nationsand Nationalism.Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1983．
• ⑤ Clifford,Geertz“The Integrative Revolution:Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,”in Clifford Geertz (ed.),Old Societies and Nero States.Chicago:Aldine,1963．
• ⑥ Sammy,Smooha “Ethnic Democracy:Israel as an Archetype,”Israel Studies,Vol.2． No.2 (1999) ,pp.198-241．
• ⑦ Arend,Lijphart Democracy in Plural Societies.New Haven:Yale University Press,1977．
• ① Margaret,Canovan,Nationhood and Political Theory.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,1996,p.21．
• ② Cecile,Laborde,“From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism,”British Journal of Political Science,Vol.32(2002) ,p.601．
• ③ Patchen,Markell,“Making Affect Safe for Democracy?On ‘Constitutional Patriotism’,”Political Theory,Vol.28,No.1 (2000) ,pp.38-63． Cecile,Laborde,“From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism,”British Journal of Political Science,Vol.32(2002) ,pp.591-612．
• ④ 引自 Margaret,Moore,“Nationalist Arguments,Ambivalent Conclusions,”Monist,Vol.82,No.3(1999) ,p.482．
• ⑤ Margaret,Moore,“Nationalist Arguments,Ambivalent Conclusions,”Monist,Vol.82,No.3(1999) ,pp.469-491．
• ⑥ Benedict,Anderson,Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.London:Verso,1983．
• ① Russell,Hardin,“Do We Want Trust in Government?”in Mark E.Warren (ed.),Democracy and Trust,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,pp.22-41．
• ② Ronald.Inglehart,Modernizationand Postmodernization:Cultural,Economic,and Political Change in 43 Societies.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1997． Almond and Verba 1963:Putnam 1993．
• ③ Carl,Cohen,Democracy.New York:Free Press,1971,p.81．
• ④ Putnam 1993:171．
• ① Y.,Tamir,Liberal Nationalism.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993,p.84．
• ② Claus,Offe,“How Can We Trust Our Fellow Citizens?”in Mark E.Warren (ed.),Democracy and Trust,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.59．
• ③ Jurgen,Habermas,“Citizenship and National Identity:Some Reflections on the Future of Europe,”in Ronald Beiner (ed.),Theorizing Citizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1999,p.263．
• ④ Erica,Benner,“Nationality without Nationalism,”Journal of Political Ideologies,Vol.2,No.2(1997) ,p.193．
• ⑤ Cecile,Laborde,“From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism,”British Journal of Political Science,Vol.32 (2002) ,pp.601．
• ① Frank,Dikotter,“Cuhure,‘Race’and Nation:The Formation of National Identity in Twentieth Century China,”Journal of International Affairs,Vol.49,No.2 (1996) ,pp.590-606． Maria Hsia,Chang,“Chinese Irredentist Nationalism:The Magician's Last Trick,”Comparative Strategy,Vol.17,No.1 (1998) ,pp.83-101．
• ② James,Townsend,“Chinese Nationalism,”Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No.27 (1992) ,pp.97-130． Wang Gungwu,The Revival of Chinese Nationalism.Leiden:International Institute for Asian Studies,1996．
• ③ Suisheng,Zhao,“Chinese Nationalism and Its International Orientations,”Political Science Quarterly,Vol.115,No.1 (2000) ,pp.1-33．
• ④ Teng Xing,“The Idea of Plurality and Unity in the Configuration of the Chinese Nationality,”Chinese Education & Society,Vol.34,No.2 (2001) ,p.76．
• ① Ernest,Renan,“Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?”in John Hutchinson and Anthony D.Smith (eds.),Nationalism.Oxford:Oxford University Press,[1882] 1994,pp.17-18．
• ② James,Townsend,“Chinese Nationalism,”Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No.27 (1992) ,p.121．
• ③ Ben.Xu,2000． “Chinese Populist Nationalism:Its Intellectual Politics and Moral Dilemma,”Representation,Vol.76,pp.120-140．
• ① John,Fitzgerald,“China and the Quest for Dignity,”The National Interest,No.55 (1999) .
• ② Michel,Oksenberg,“China's Confident Nationalism,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.65 (1987) ,pp.501-523．
• ① Pye,Lucian W.,“How China's Nationalism was Shanghaied?”The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,No.29 (1993) ,p.133．
• ② Canovan,Margaret,Nationhood and Political Theory,Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,1996,p.101．