蔡锐星,胡威

• 1:清华大学公共管理学院
• 2:中国人民大学公共管理学院
• 3:清华大学北京市组织学习与城市治理创新研究中心

摘要(Abstract)：

在公共危机情境下，官僚的亲社会违规行为对危机管理能够起到弥补作用。本文对危机情境和官僚特征两类因素对官僚亲社会违规行为倾向的影响进行了研究分析。本文采用调查实验收集数据，分层线性回归的结果显示，危机情境和官僚特征方面的因素对官僚的亲社会违规行为倾向都有显著的影响。其中，社会利益、组织成员旁观、公共服务动机和行为有效性感知正向影响了官僚的亲社会违规行为倾向；违规处置和防御焦点起负向影响作用。研究结果揭示了公共危机中官僚亲社会违规行为的规律，为公共组织的危机管理和官僚亲社会违规行为研究提供了借鉴。

关键词(KeyWords)： 危机;官僚;调查实验;亲社会违规行为;公共服务动机

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 蔡锐星,胡威

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• (1)例如,我国的公务员法(2018年修订)规定:公务员的任用,要“以德为先”“公道正派”“全心全意为人民服务”;又例,如英国在《公务员守则》(The Civil Service Code)中强调公务员要“正直”(integrity)和“将公共服务的义务置于个人利益之上”。参见:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-code/the-civil-service-code。
• (2)鉴于亲社会违规行为是一种组织行为,组织成员最有可能成为旁观者,因此在本文的语境中,旁观者是指和个体共同知晓组织规则滞后的组织成员。
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• (3)关于违背了什么“规则”，Morrison(2006)引用了马奇等人的文章，原文如下:it is important to clarify what I mean by the term rule. In using this term,I mean an explicit organizationally defined policy,regulation,or prohibition pertaining to how members of an organization are supposed to execute their jobs(March,Schulz,&Zhou,2000)and for which there is reasonably wide consensus,legitimacy,and enforcement(Edgerton,1985; Jackson,1966)。在PSRB中，违背的规则应该是有关“如何工作”的规则(execute their jobs)。在本研究的情境设计中，读者很难看出违背的规则就是组织内部有关“如何工作”的规则，而更像是一种“职业规范”(professional norm)，即专业人士看到组织隐瞒一些信息，认为自己有义务把事情的真相告知公众，这其实是个体反思工作中的职业规范和社会道德后的反应，而不是违背一种具体的规则。正如Morrison(2006)所言:(PSRB)can be distinguished from a norm,which is an informal rule governing behavior within a social context(Axelrod,1986; Feldman,1984). More precisely,norms have been defined in the literature as ranges of behavior that are tolerated or expected by a particular social group(Jackson,1966; Rushing,1975). Unlike formal organizational rules,which are imposed from the top down,institutionalized,formally enforced,and part of the “bureaucratic control system” of the organization(Ouchi,1980),norms are emergent,enforced informally,and a form of “social control”(Axelrod,1986; Feldman,1984). When employees violate norms,they are subject to punishment from the social group. When they violate formal rules, however, they are subject to organizational sanctions(reprimand,write-up,termination). Although the line between formal and informal rules is sometimes blurred,and these two terms sometimes are used interchangeably(Edgerton,1985),this analysis focuses on explicit and formal organizational policies and procedures。
• (1)PSRB中关于利益相关者的界定是非常明确的，包括组织、同事、客户、自身等，这些主体基本上都在行政场域内互动，而不是一个笼统的社会中的利益相关者。
• (1)在Morrison(2006)的界定中，主动地、有目的地违背非常重要，正如她在文中所说:It is also important to clarify what is meant by“rule breaking．”By rule breaking,I am referring to intentional violation of an explicit organizationally defined policy,regulation,or prohibition. This excludes,then,accidental violation(when the actor is unaware of the rule)as well as violation of a rule that is not enforced(i. e.,a rule that most people know does not really need to be followed)。作者在情境中，将选择的结果，即“私自向他人告知潜在的风险”直接呈现给被试，其实没有给被试“主动地、有目的地违背”留出空间，反而变成了一种做出“是否愿意承担风险”的道德判断的诱导，失去了对结果能动性和主体性的选择和设计，也就失去了PSRB的一个核心关怀:Pro-social rule breaking is a form of positive deviance,but distinguished by the fact that it goes against a formal rule or policy rather than just being “different from the norm” or “exceptional”(Morrison,2006)。
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• (1)PSRB中关于利益相关者的界定是非常明确的，包括组织、同事、客户、自身等，这些主体基本上都在行政场域内互动，而不是一个笼统的社会中的利益相关者。