纵向吸纳:项目资金运作社会化及其基层治理风险Vertical Absorption: Socialization of Project Fund Operations and Grassroots Governance Risks
刘秋文,孙迎联
摘要(Abstract):
项目制作为一种从中央直达基层社会的新型国家治理体制,为了确保中央意志的贯彻执行,其资金具有财政自上而下拨付、专款专用、单独核算的专项化管理特性。田野调查发现,县级政府通过纵向吸纳具有半行政化属性的村干部与村级组织转嫁项目资金,突破项目资金专项化制度管理,形成了项目资金运作社会化的新现象。具体而言,县级政府在政绩激励和财政短缺的压力下对项目财权和事权进行捆绑发包,村干部在政治动员和经济利益驱动下“主动”承接项目资金。但由于项目资金量超出村干部个人承受能力,在村干部个人资产担保下地方商业银行向其提供借贷资金;囿于政府财政支付压力,县级政府延期、分期支付村干部私人垫付的项目资金。经由半行政化的村干部这一中介体,项目资金从财政资金转化为村干部个人银行债务,完成了从专项化管理到社会化筹资、财政担保偿还的社会化运作转变。在项目资金纵向吸纳中,基层政府与村干部形成了紧密的联系,使基层治理关系异化,形塑了治理同盟关系。这使得基层在落实国家政策时有了变通执行、便宜行事的空间,同时威胁了国家项目资源安全,项目监管形式化。在村庄层面则产生项目资源分配“强者吸纳”效应,形成强者愈强、弱者愈弱的发展趋势。
关键词(KeyWords): 纵向吸纳;项目资金运作;社会化运作;基层治理风险
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金项目“乡村振兴战略赋能农民持续增收的机制构建研究”(项目批准号:22BKS142)资助
作者(Author): 刘秋文,孙迎联
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- (1)本文借鉴焦长权(2020a)关于财政自给能力测量方法,从两种口径计算S县政府财政自给能力。统计口径1是本级一般公共预算收入/总支出,统计口径2是[本级一般公共预算收入+返还性收入+一般性转移支付-(农村义务教育转移支付+共同财政事权转移支付)]/总支出。农村义务教育转移支付和共同财政事权转移支付必须按照规定用途使用,具有明显的专项转移支付特征,属于“准专项资金”。为了测算的准确性,故将这两项资金扣除。
- (2)参阅2017—2022年《S县国民经济和社会发展统计公报》。