祝辰浪,周凌一,任皓

• 1:复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院
• 2:湖南大学公共管理学院

摘要(Abstract)：

官员异地考察作为具有政策学习与府际合作意义的政府行为,促进了地方政府间横向网络的形成。本文通过搜集2000—2015年中国280余个地级市市委书记的异地考察数据,对市委书记异地考察的行为选择、路径分布及由此构建的府际网络特征进行了探索性研究。实证结果表明:(1)官员异地考察具有自主性,总体趋于活跃;(2)地理邻近性与经济发展同质性是影响考察路径选择的主要因素,同时也存在由异质性驱动的“长途跋涉”;(3)由异地考察构成的府际网络呈现多中心和非均衡的结构,且不同主题的府际网络结构具有异质性。本文基于官员异地考察的行为互动拓展了关于政府间自组织网络的实证探讨,为理解我国地方政府间关系提供了新的视角。

关键词(KeyWords)： 异地考察;自组织网络;政策学习;府际合作

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金青年项目“地方政府间非正式合作对国内市场一体化的影响:因果识别、机制分析与对策研究”(项目批准号:72104074);; 湖南省自然科学基金青年项目“深度不确定性条件下的政策创新:扩散机制、效果评估与政策启示”(项目批准号:2021JJ40134);; 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“长三角地区水环境协同网络的差异化治理模式比较:结构特征、作用机理及绩效研究”(项目批准号:22YJC810015)资助

作者(Author): 祝辰浪,周凌一,任皓

参考文献(References)：

• 陈科霖,谷志军.2022.多元政绩竞赛:中国地方官员晋升的新解释[J].政治学研究,(1):117-128.Chen K L,Gu Z J.2022.Pluralistic political achievements competition:A new explanation for promotion of Chinese local cadres[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(1):117-128.(in Chinese)
• 陈水生,祝辰浪.2022.中国公共政策调适性稳定的内在机理与实现路径[J].政治学研究,(3):61-73.Chen S S,Zhu C L.2022.Adaptive stability of public policy:Internal mechanism and realization path[J].CASS Journal of Political Science,(3):61-73.(in Chinese)
• 崔晶,汪星熹.2020.制度性集体行动、府际协作与经济增长---以成渝城市群为例[J].公共管理与政策评论,9(4):27-39.Cui J,Wang X X.2020.Institutional collective action,inter-governmental collaboration and economic growth:A case study of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,9(4):27-39.(in Chinese)
• 黄萃,任弢,李江,等.2015.责任与利益:基于政策文献量化分析的中国科技创新政策府际合作关系演进研究[J].管理世界,(12):68-81.Huang C,Ren T,Li J,et al.2015.Responsibility and interest:A study on the evolution of the intergovernmental cooperation relationship of China's science and technology innovation policy[J].Journal of Management World,(12):68-81.(in Chinese)
• 李新,李柏洲,吴翔宇.2020.创新型城市中府际关系与政策工具的社会网络[J].科学学研究,38(12):2258-2270.Li X,Li B Z,Wu X Y.2020.Social network of intergovernmental relations and policy instruments in the innovative cities[J].Studies in Science of Science,38(12):2258-2270.(in Chinese)
• 李云新,刘建平.2011.新农村建设中的地方政府学习:动因、模式与效果[J].中国行政管理,(10):48-52.Li Y X,Liu J P.2011.Local government learning in new countryside construction:Impetus,models and effects[J].Chinese Public Administration,(10):48-52.(in Chinese)
• 卢圣华,汪晖.2020.政企网络关系、企业资源获取与经济效率---来自本地晋升官员离任的经验证据[J].经济管理,42(10):5-22.Lu S H,Wang H.2020.Government-enterprises networks,enterprise resource accessibility and economic efficiency:Evidence from the departure of local officials[J].Business and Management Journal,42(10):5-22.(in Chinese)
• 吕立远,黄萃.2022.网络分析方法在公共管理与公共政策研究中的应用[J].公共管理评论,4(4):149-178.LüL Y,Huang C.2022.The application of network analysis to public management and policy research[J].China Public Administration Review,4(4):149-178.(in Chinese)
• 马捷,陈斌,阚艳秋.2018.区域双边合作网络中地方政府角色划分与风险识别---以泛珠三角为例[J].复旦公共行政评论,(2):139-158.Ma J,Chen B,Kan Y Q.2018.Role of local government and risk identification in regional bilateral cooperation network:The case of Pan-Pearl River Delta[J].Fudan Public Administration Review,(2):139-158.(in Chinese)
• 马亮.2019.地方政府的“课堂”:向谁学,学什么[J].决策,(10):32-34.Ma L.2019.Classroom of local government's:From whom and what[J].DecisionMaking,(10):32-34.(in Chinese)
• 任皓.2022.府际交流网络与区域间市场分割---来自省级政府“一把手”异地考察交流的证据[J].公共管理与政策评论,11(3):80-93.Ren H.2022.Inter-governmental networks and market segmentation:Evidence from provincial party secretary's offsite visits[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,11(3):80-93.(in Chinese)
• 锁利铭,马捷,陈斌.2017.区域环境治理中的双边合作与多边协调---基于2003-2015年泛珠三角协议的分析[J].复旦公共行政评论,(1):149-172.Suo L M,Ma J,Chen B.2017.Ressearch Paper:Bilateral cooperation and multilateral coordination in regional environment governance-Evidence from Pan Pearl Delta interlocal agreements 2003-2015[J].Fudan Public Administration Review,(1):149-172.(in Chinese)
• 锁利铭,阚艳秋,李雪.2020.制度性集体行动、领域差异与府际协作治理[J].公共管理与政策评论,9(4):3-14.Suo L M,Kan Y Q,Li X.2020.Institutional collective action,cooperation field differences and inter-government collaborative governance[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,9(4):3-14.(in Chinese)
• 谭之博,周黎安.2015.官员任期与信贷和投资周期[J].金融研究,(6):80-93.Tan Z B,Zhou L A.2015.Officials'tenure,credit cycles and investment cycles[J].Journal of Financial Research,(6):80-93.(in Chinese)
• 唐睿,刘红芹.2012.从GDP锦标赛到二元竞争:中国地方政府行为变迁的逻辑---基于1998-2006年中国省级面板数据的实证研究[J].公共管理学报,9(1):9-16.Tang R,Liu H Q.2012.The pattern of dual competition:An analysis of local governments'behaviour changes in China[J].Journal of Public Management,9(1):9-16.(in Chinese)
• 王芳,余莎,陈硕.2020.区域经济发展与地方政府间合作:基于重力模型的证据[J].中国行政管理,(9):106-113.Wang F,Yu S,Chen S.2020.Regional economic development and local government cooperation:Evidence from gravity model[J].Chinese Public Administration,(9):106-113.(in Chinese)
• 王路昊,林海龙,锁利铭,等.2019.地方政府间经济合作到创新合作:自我升级与上级驱动[J].公共管理评论,(2):17-43.Wang L H,Lin H L,Suo L M,et al.2019.From economic cooperation to innovative cooperation:Self-upgrading and superior authority[J].China Public Administration Review,(2):17-43.(in Chinese)
• 王浦劬,赖先进.2013.中国公共政策扩散的模式与机制分析[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),50(6):14-23.Wang P Q,Lai X J.2013.A study on the model and mechanism of public policy diffusion in China[J].Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),50(6):14-23.(in Chinese)
• 谢庆奎.2000.中国政府的府际关系研究[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),37(1):26-34.Xie Q K.2000.Intergovernmental relations in China[J].Journal of Peking University(Humanities and Social Sciences),37(1):26-34.(in Chinese)
• 杨志,魏姝.2020.政府考察学习如何影响政策扩散?---以县级融媒体中心政策为例[J].公共行政评论,13(5):160-180.Yang Z,Wei S.2020.How does horizontal onsite learning affect policy diffusion?-Acase study of county-level converged media center policy[J].Journal of Public Administration,13(5):160-180.(in Chinese)
• 张紧跟.2013.府际治理:当代中国府际关系研究的新趋向[J].学术研究,(2):38-45.Zhang J G.2013.Inter-governmental governance:A new trend in the study of inter governmental relations in contemporary China[J].Academic Research,(2):38-45.(in Chinese)
• 张军,高远.2007.官员任期、异地交流与经济增长---来自省级经验的证据[J].经济研究(11):91-103.Zhang J,Gao Y.2007.Term Limits and Rotation of Chinese Governors:Do They Matter to Economic Growth?[J].Economic Research Journal,(11):91-103.(in Chinese)
• 周飞舟.2012.以利为利:财政关系与地方政府行为[M].上海:三联书店:236-240.Zhou F Z.2012.Financial relationship and local government behavior[M].Shanghai:Joint Publishing:236-240.(in Chinese)
• 周黎安.2017.转型中的地方政府[M].2版.上海:格致出版社:220-221.Zhou L A.2017.The local government in transition[M].2nd ed.Shanghai:Gezhi Publishing House:220-221.(in Chinese)
• 周凌一.2020.纵向干预何以推动地方协作治理?---以长三角区域环境协作治理为例[J].公共行政评论,13(4):90-107.Zhou L Y.2020.How does hierarchical intervention affect collaborative governance in China?-A case study of environmental collaboration in Yangtze River Delta Region[J].Journal of Public Administration,13(4):90-107.(in Chinese)
• 周凌一.2022.正式抑或非正式?区域环境协同治理的行为选择---以2008-2020年长三角地区市级政府为例[J].公共管理与政策评论,11(4):120-136.Zhou L Y.2022.The behavioral selection of collaborative environmental governance:Formal or informal?-Based on the data of prefecture-level collaborations from 2008-2020 in Yangtze River Delta[J].Public Administration and Policy Review,11(4):120-136.(in Chinese)
• Andrew S A,Carr J B.2013.Mitigating uncertainty and risk in planning for regional preparedness:The role of bonding and bridging relationships[J].Urban Studies,50(4):709-724.
• Ansell C,Lundin M,?berg P.2017.How learning aggregates:A social network analysis of learning between Swedish municipalities[J].Local Government Studies,43(6):903-926.
• Berardo R,Scholz J T.2010.Self-organizing policy networks:Risk,partner selection,and cooperation in estuaries[J].American Journal of Political Science,54(3):632-649.
• Berardo R,Fischer M,Hamilton M.2020.Collaborative governance and the challenges of network-based research[J].The American Review of Public Administration,50 (8):898-913.
• Berry F S,Berry W D.1999.Innovation and diffusion models in policy research[M]//Sabatier P A,Weible C M.Theories of the Policy Process.Boulder:Westview Press:169-200.
• Blair R,Janousek C L.2013.Collaborative mechanisms in interlocal cooperation:Alongitudinal examination[J].State and Local Government Review,45(4):268-282.
• Butler D M,Volden C,Dynes A M,et al.2017.Ideology,learning,and policy diffusion:Experimental evidence[J].American Journal of Political Science,61(1):37-49.
• Chang K T.2008.Introduction to geographic information systems[M].Boston:Mc Graw-Hill:233-234.
• Chen Y C,Thurmaier K.2009.Interlocal agreements as collaborations:An empirical investigation of impetuses,norms,and success[J].The American Review of Public Administration,39(5):536-552.
• Cook I R.2008.Mobilising urban policies:The policy transfer of US business improvement districts to england and wales[J].Urban Studies,45(4):773-795.
• Cook I R,Ward K.2011.Trans-urban networks of learning,mega events and policy tourism:The case of manchester's commonwealth and olympic games projects[J].Urban Studies,48(12):2519-2535.
• Dolowitz D P.2009.Learning by observing:Surveying the international arena[J].Policy&Politics,37(3):317-334.
• Feiock R C,Lee I W,Park H J,et al.2010.Collaboration networks among local elected officials:Information,commitment,and risk aversion[J].Urban Affairs Review,46(2):241-262.
• Feiock R C.2013.The institutional collective action framework[J].Policy Studies Journal,41(3):397-425.
• Freeman L C.1978.Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification[J].Social Networks,1(3):215-239.
• Gerber E R,Henry A D,Lubell M.2013.Political homophily and collaboration in regional planning networks[J].American Journal of Political Science,57(3):598-610.
• Gonz?lez S.2011.Bilbao and barcelona‘in Motion’.How urban regeneration‘Models’travel and mutate in the global flows of policy tourism[J].Urban Studies,48(7):1397-1418.
• Hawkins C V,Hu Q,Feiock R C.2016.Self-organizing governance of local economic development:Informal policy networks and regional institutions[J].Journal of Urban Affairs,38(5):643-660.
• Heilmann S.2008.Policy experimentation in China's economic rise[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,43(1):1-26.
• Hu Q,Medina A,Siciliano M D,et al.2022.Network structures and network effects across management and policy contexts:A systematic review[J].Public Administration,doi:10.1111/padm.12835.
• Hudson J,Kim B Y.2014.Policy transfer using the“Gold Standard”:Exploring policy tourism in practice[J].Policy&Politics,42(4):495-511.
• Lee T,van de Meene S.2012.Who teaches and who learns?Policy learning through the C40cities climate network[J].Policy Sciences,45(3):199-220.
• Lee Y,Lee I W,Feiock R C.2012.Interorganizational collaboration networks in economic development policy:An exponential random graph model analysis[J].Policy Studies Journal,40(3):547-573.
• LeRoux K,Brandenburger P W,Pandey S K.2010.Interlocal service cooperation in U.S.cities:A social network explanation[J].Public Administration Review,70(2):268-278.
• Li H B,Zhou L A.2005.Political turnover and economic performance:The incentive role of personnel control in China[J].Journal of Public Economics,89(9/10):1743-1762.
• Ma L.2017.Site visits,policy learning,and the diffusion of policy innovation:Evidence from public bicycle programs in China[J].Journal of Chinese Political Science,22 (4):581-599.
• Ren H,Zhou L Y,Gao Y N.(2021-06-20)[2023-03-02].Inter-region economic collaborations through leadership visit networks:A nonparametric matching model[EB/OL].https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3870556.
• Rose R.2005.Learning from comparative public policy:A practical guide[M].London:Routledge:57-68.
• Walker J L.1969.The diffusion of innovations among the American States[J].American Political Science Review,63(3):880-899.
• Watts D J.1999.Networks,dynamics,and the small-world phenomenon[J].American Journal of Sociology,105(2):493-527.
• Wood A.2014.Learning through policy tourism:Circulating bus rapid transit from South America to South Africa[J].Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space,46(11):2654-2669.
• Yi H T,Berry F S,Chen W N.2018.Management innovation and policy diffusion through leadership transfer networks:An agent network diffusion model[J].Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,28(4):457-474.
• Yi H T,Liu I.2022.Executive leadership,policy tourism,and policy diffusion among local governments[J].Public Administration Review,82(6):1024-1041.
• Yi H T,Liu W X,Ma L.2022.Designed networks and the emergence of self-organizing interlocal learning network:Evidence from Chinese cities[J].Public Administration,doi:10.1111/padm.12906.
• (1)也包括各地区地委书记、各自治州州委书记、各盟盟委书记。下文统称市委书记。
• (1)官员也可能出于出行成本和便利性,倾向于访问邻近的城市。
• (1)相关背景可参见:《国新办就汶川地震灾害和抗震救灾情况举行第三十次发布会》,http://www. scio.gov. cn/photo/5/Document/795722/795722. htm。
• (2)相关背景可参见:《中央将以灾区重建模式扶持新疆19省市对口支援》, https://china. huanqiu. com/article/9Ca Krn Jnh Y2。
• (1)如果需要空间分析的动态彩色地图,可以联系作者获取。