科层运作末端激励的模式与建构逻辑——以城管执法为例How Does a Bureaucracy Create End-incentives?Taking the Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau as an Example
陈念平
摘要(Abstract):
科层运作的末端激励,相较于其他层级,有其特殊性和多样性。本研究以典型抽样的方法,选取四个城管执法部门案例进行描述、比较与分析,从中发现科层运作末端激励的策略、模式与建构逻辑。基层根据组织目标的重要性、难度与清晰度,设计末端激励的力度、方向与机制。一方面,末端激励的设计以信息可见为前提,受责任主体性质约束。基层以事务分离策略将能被测量的街头事务从程序性事务中分离出来,根据事务性质,采用灵活差异的绩效测量标准,削弱街头信息权,以突破末端信息显示难题;根据责任主体性质差异,设置相应的责任包干机制,将事务责任包干到人,明确激励对象;根据责任主体与信息显示的不同,以精神激励、威胁激励、奖酬激励、市场激励这四类工具,采取传统科层的层级控制、行政包干的压力驱动、准行政发包的分成激励、管理外包的剩余索取四种不同类型的末端激励模式。另一方面,对激励效率及其绩效结果的追求也可能迫使管理者改革管理机制,优化信息技术,重新选择责任主体。
关键词(KeyWords): 末端激励;科层运作;城管执法部门
基金项目(Foundation): 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“为基层减负的关键问题及其化解机制研究”(项目批准号:20YJA810003)资助
作者(Author): 陈念平
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