我的姐姐:男孩偏好与长姐身体健康Preference for a Son and the Health of an Older Sister
叶昱利,李强,冯群娣
摘要(Abstract)：
男孩偏好的实质是家庭内部的性别不平等,因此识别男孩偏好本质上要求排除同胞数量、出生次序等同胞结构的影响。摒弃既有文献将头胎男孩与女孩间差别归因于男孩偏好的识别策略,本文通过比较有弟弟,相对于有妹妹而言,对长姐健康的不同影响,来识别男孩偏好效应。利用头胎性别的外生性构建工具变量,运用2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据中的二孩户长姐样本,本文发现,在其他情况相同的条件下,有弟弟,相较于有妹妹,显著降低了长姐的身体健康水平。异质性分析表明农村的男孩偏好效应相对较强,且男孩偏好效应随长姐年龄增加而变得更大。本文的政策含义是,国家有必要建构一个支持家庭、投资儿童的微观家庭政策体系。
关键词(KeyWords)： 男孩偏好;性别差异;健康投入;长姐健康
基金项目(Foundation): 西南民族大学中央高校课题(项目批准号:2020SYB49)的资助
作者(Author): 叶昱利,李强,冯群娣
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- (1)图1中显示2000年后二胎的性别比发生了显著的下降,其主要原因很可能是国家《关于禁止非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠的规定》(“两非”)的实施,以及2011年《国家人口发展“十二五”规划》提出将性别比下降至115以下。同时,各地政府组织开展关爱女孩行动、综合治理出生人口性别比宣传活动,严肃查处“两非”、溺弃女婴、虐待妇女的典型案例。在一系列综合治理下,我国的出生性别比失衡问题得到了缓和(张军和陈莉敏, 2017)。但“目前,全世界只有18个国家和地区的性别比高于107的正常值上限”(张军和陈莉敏, 2017),而我国仍是世界上出生人口性别失衡最严重的国家(吕利丹等, 2018)。因此,虽然我国二胎出生性别比在21世纪后有所下降,但男孩偏好现象仍未减弱。 (1)也有文献直接测量父母的男孩偏好态度,例如林莞娟和秦雨(2010)使用父母对“女孩子应该接受跟男孩子一样多的教育的机会”等8个问题的态度来衡量男孩偏好。 (1)若仅算单独的个体,则有536+906/2+981/3+808/4+590/5=1636个长姐。本文也尝试使用长姐的首次观测进行截面回归,结果大致相同,为了简洁,结果未报告,有需要请向作者索取。为了增加样本量,我们主回归仍选择使用重复观测的样本。 (1)我们没有研究二妹是否受到长兄影响,其原因在于,研究二妹的身体健康是否受男孩偏好的影响,来自长兄与长姐之间的比较,即可资比较的同胞结构是BG和GG。但我们知道,头胎生育男孩而在第二胎生育女孩的情形很可能不是父母有男孩偏好,而是有儿女双全的偏好,因此,我们并不期待着从BG和GG的同胞结构中获得干净的男孩偏好效应。 (1)值得注意的是,我们无法分别做弟弟对长兄、妹妹对长姐、长兄对二弟、长姐对二妹的回归,其原因在于弟弟对长兄而言,有弟弟这个变量没有变化,是个常数;同样的理由也适用于其他三种情形。 (2)为了简洁并节省空间,本文仅报告了主要关心的变量。完整结果可向作者索取。