吴怡频,钟文钰,赵雅婷

• 1:浙江工商大学公共管理学院
• 2:浙江工商大学浙江省计算社会科学协同创新中心
• 3:浙大城市学院

摘要(Abstract)：

试点选择是政策试点的关键环节，影响试点创新与推广效果。然而，研究人员缺少近距离观察或直接访谈决策者的机会，这制约了试点选择研究的发展。本研究将试点政策文本视为决策者对试点选择条件的官方表述，并挖掘文本中试点选择的偏好。本研究收集了“十三五”时期385项中央部委发起试点的政策文本和部分试点的首轮试点名单。研究获得三项发现。第一，中央部委发起试点向经济发达地区或区域中心城市聚集，但各政策领域的聚集程度不同。第二，词频分析和共现关系显示了“择优选点”和“重视基础”的总原则。第三，各政策领域的偏好与重视条件不尽相同，经济发展类试点强调创新试验和重点战略，农业农村和社会保障类试点则关注代表性，环境保护类试点兼顾全局需要和重点问题。

关键词(KeyWords)： 试点选择;政策文本;词频分析;政策领域

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于自然语言处理方法的政策试点选择机制研究”(项目批准号:72304247)资助

作者(Author): 吴怡频,钟文钰,赵雅婷

参考文献(References)：

• 包国宪，刘斌，周云飞.2007.地方政府治理创新视角下的中国东西部发展差距分析[J].北京行政学院学报，(4):11-15.Bao G X,Liu B,Zhou Y F.2007.Analysis on disparity of the development between the west and east in China from the perspective of local government governance innovation[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,(4):11-15.(in Chinese)
• 边燕杰.2011.关系社会学：理论与研究[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.
• 财政部.(2017a-06-03)[2021-12-11].关于开展田园综合体建设试点工作的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-06/03/content_5199122.htm#2.
• 财政部.(2017b-06-05)[2022-10-18].关于印发《开展农村综合性改革试点试验实施方案》的通知[EB/OL].https://law.esnai.com/view/182329/.
• 财政部，住房城乡建设部，环境保护部，等.(2017a-05-20)[2023-01-12].关于开展中央财政支持北方地区冬季清洁取暖试点工作的通知[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/20/content_5195490.htm.
• 财政部，住房城乡建设部，环境保护部，等.(2017b-06-05)[2023-03-16].2017年北方地区冬季清洁取暖试点城市名单公示[EB/OL].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?src=11×tamp=1687437175&ver=4606&signature=eXfBydlFHZn9YVYcnbzPC1xgId5zu ftdTaey7z5tZAwj82oqxehxlr9SrvGt-DLW-br-lrU2a8PC*6cMzs7ucKaqNRW-71PqMxaAL2 DphMDUtmD9BQKYHoOQphjQcWJW&new=1.
• 陈那波，蔡荣.2017.“试点”何以失败?——A市生活垃圾“计量收费”政策试行过程研究[J].社会学研究，32(2):174-198.Chen N B,Cai R.2017.Shidian as a Chinese style of governance:A case study on the policy experiment of “Pay as You Throw”[J].Sociological Studies,32(2):174-198.(in Chinese)
• 陈宇，闫倩倩.2019.“中国式”政策试点结果差异的影响因素研究——基于30个案例的多值定性比较分析[J].北京社会科学，(6):42-52.Chen Y,Yan Q Q.2019.Study on the influencing factors of the differences in policy pilot results—Multi-value qualitative comparative analysis based on 30 cases[J].Social Sciences of Beijing,(6):42-52.(in Chinese)
• 范义哲.2016.社会关系对官员晋升的影响研究——基于1992—2012年中国省级官员的经验证据[D].浙江：浙江大学.
• 范子英，李欣.2014.部长的政治关联效应与财政转移支付分配[J].经济研究，49(6):129-141.Fan Z Y,Li X.2014.Political connection of ministers and the allocation of fiscal transfer[J].Economic Research Journal,49(6):129-141.(in Chinese)
• 方学梅，樊妍妮，刘伟.2023.低碳城市试点选择的多维影响因素——基于280个城市的事件史分析[J].上海行政学院学报，24(1):47-58.Fang X M,Fan Y N,Liu W.2023.Analysis of multi-dimensional influencing factors of pilot selection of low carbon cities:Event history analysis based on 280 cities[J].The Journal of Shanghai Administration Institute,24(1):47-58.(in Chinese)
• 高雅洁.(2021-10-14)[2022-03-10].长护险实施九年，青岛7万余名失能失智人员享人性化照护服务[EB/OL].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1713555595859632 094&wfr=spider&for=pc.
• 国家发展改革委.2019.城企联动普惠养老专项行动十问十答[J].财经界，(18):1-2.
• 国家发展改革委，教育部，工业和信息化部，等.(2019a-10-10)[2023-03-15].关于印发国家产教融合建设试点实施方案的通知[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-10/10/content_5438011.htm.
• 国家发展改革委，民政部，国家卫生健康委.(2019b-02-20)[2022-11-23].关于印发《城企联动普惠养老专项行动实施方案(试行)》的通知[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2019-09/29/content_5434985.htm.
• 国家发展改革委.(2020-07-31)[2023-06-20].国家发展改革委办公厅关于做好基础设施领域不动产投资信托基金(REITs)试点项目申报工作的通知[EB/OL].https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202008/t20200803_1235506.html.
• 国务院.(2017-01-12)[2022-11-10].国务院办公厅关于印发知识产权综合管理改革试点总体方案的通知[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/12/content_5159083.htm.
• 洪广凭.(2017-08-20)[2023-02-17].陆河水唇镇15个村入选全国农村综合性改革试点单位[EB/OL].https://www.hakka.com/article-22623-1.html.
• 黄飚.2018.当代中国政府的试点选择[D].杭州：浙江大学.
• 黄萃，任弢，张剑.2015.政策文献量化研究：公共政策研究的新方向[J].公共管理学报，12(2):129-137.Huang C,Ren T,Zhang J.2015.Policy documents quantitative research:A new direction for public policy study[J].Journal of Public Management,12(2):129-137.(in Chinese)
• 黄光国.2006.儒家关系主义：文化反思与典范重建[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
• 蒋灵多，陆毅，张国峰.2021.自由贸易试验区建设与中国出口行为[J].中国工业经济，(8):75-93.Jiang L D,Lu Y,Zhang G F.2021.The construction of the pilot free trade zone and Chinese exports[J].China Industrial Economics,(8):75-93.(in Chinese)
• 江小涓.2020.江小涓学术自传[M].广州：广东经济出版社.
• 李平菊，王茂福.2014.中国城镇就业政策的形成与演变：1949—2008——基于“渐进主义模式”的分析[J].人口与发展，20(1):61-69.Li P J,Wang M F.2014.The formation and evolution of cities and town-employment policy in China:1949—2008—Analysis based on “Gradualism”[J].Population and Development,20(1):61-69.(in Chinese)
• 李强彬，支广东，李延伟.2023.中央推进政策试点的差异化政策工具选择逻辑——基于20个案例的定性比较分析[J].公共行政评论，16(1):161-180.Li Q B,Zhi G D,Li Y W.2023.The choice logic of differentiated policy tools for central government promotion of policy pilots:A qualitative comparative analysis of 20 cases[J].Journal of Public Administration,16(1):161-180.(in Chinese)
• 李文钊.2019.专栏导语：中国公共政策研究：回顾、进展与展望[J].公共行政评论，12(5):1-11.Li W Z.2019.Introduction:Research on public policy in China:Retrospection,progress,and prospects[J].Journal of Public Administration,12(5):1-11.(in Chinese)
• 李壮.2018.中国政策试点的研究述评与展望——基于CSSCI数据库的分析[J].社会主义研究，(4):141-149.Li Z.2018.Review and prospect of the research on China's policy experimental point—Based on the analysis of CSSCI database[J].Socialism Studies,(4):141-149.(in Chinese)
• 李智超.2019.政策试点推广的多重逻辑——基于我国智慧城市试点的分析[J].公共管理学报，16(3):145-156.Li Z C.2019.The multiple logics in the promotion of policy pilot——Evidence from smart cities pilot in China[J].Journal of Public Management,16(3):145-156.(in Chinese)
• 刘宏玉，范炳良.2019.政策试点的产生机制及偏离效应分析——以中央发动的政策试点为例[J].领导科学，(4):60-64.Liu H Y,Fan B L.2019.Analysis of the mechanism and deviation effects of policy pilots:Taking the policy pilots initiated by the central government as an example[J].Leadership Science,(4):60-64.(in Chinese)
• 刘培伟.2010.基于中央选择性控制的试验——中国改革“实践”机制的一种新解释[J].开放时代，(4):59-81.Liu P W.2010.Experiments based on central selective control:A new explanation of the “Practice” mechanism of China's reform[J].Open Times,(4):59-81.(in Chinese)
• 刘然.2019.“政策试点”“政策试验”与“政策实验”的概念辨析[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),40(6):34-41.Liu R.2019.Analysis of the concepts of policy pilot,policy trial and policy experiment[J].Inner Mongolia Social Sciences,40(6):34-41.(in Chinese)
• 梅赐琪，汪笑男，廖露，等.2015.政策试点的特征：基于《人民日报》1992—2003年试点报道的研究[J].公共行政评论，8(3):8-24.Mei C Q,Wang X N,Liao L,et al.2015.Patterns of “Experimentation Point”:Evidence from people's daily's 1992—2003 reports on policy experimentation point[J].Journal of Public Administration,8(3):8-24.(in Chinese)
• 民政部，财政部.(2016-07-20)[2023-03-12].民政部、财政部关于开展2016年居家和社区养老服务改革试点申报工作的通知[EB/OL].https://www.audit.gov.cn/n4/n18/c85840/content.html.
• 欧阳静.2012.“关系”如何、缘何影响基层官员晋升[J].甘肃行政学院学报，(1):4-14.Ouyang J.2012.Grassroots officials promotion in differentiated model association[J].Journal of Gansu Administration Institute,(1):4-14.(in Chinese)
• 商务部，工业和信息化部，生态环境部，等.(2018-04-19)[2022-11-10].商务部等8部门关于开展供应链创新与应用试点的通知[EB/OL].https://www.163.com/dy/article/DFPNNBVM0511ANPT.html.
• 王路昊，林海龙.2021.成为“最佳实践”:试点经验的话语建构[J].社会，41(1):79-119.Wang L H,Lin H L.2021.Becoming “Best Practice”:The discursive construction of policy experimentation[J].Chinese Journal of Sociology,41(1):79-119.(in Chinese)
• 王浦劬，赖先进.2013.中国公共政策扩散的模式与机制分析[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),50(6):14-23.Wang P Q,Lai X J.2013.A study on the model and mechanism of public policy diffusion in China[J].Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences),50(6):14-23.(in Chinese)
• 王绍光.2008.学习机制与适应能力：中国农村合作医疗体制变迁的启示[J].中国社会科学，(6):111-133.Wang S G.2008.Learning and adapting:The case of rural healthcare financing in China[J].Social Sciences in China,(6):111-133.(in Chinese)
• 武俊伟.2019.政策试点：理解当代国家治理结构约束的新视角[J].求实，(6):28-40.Wu J W.2019.Policy pilot:A new perspective to understand the constraints of contemporary state governance structure[J].Truth Seeking,(6):28-40.(in Chinese)
• 吴怡频，陆简.2018.政策试点的结果差异研究——基于2000年至2012年中央推动型试点的实证分析[J].公共管理学报，2018,15(1):58-70.Explaining the different outcome of policy experiments:An empirical study on the policy experiments sponsored by central government agencies between 2000 and 2012[J].Journal of Public Management,15(1):58-70.
• 许士荣.2014.我国博士后政策制定的渐进主义分析[J].中国高教研究，(5):7-12.Xu S R.2014.Gradualism analysis of the making of China postdoctoral policy[J].China Higher Education Research,(5):7-12.(in Chinese)
• 杨宏山.2013.双轨制政策试验：政策创新的中国经验[J].中国行政管理，(6):12-15,103.Yang H S.2013.Dual-track approach to policy experiment:The experience of policy innovation in China[J].Chinese Public Administration,(6):12-15,103.(in Chinese)
• 杨宏山.2020.公共政策学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.
• 杨宏山，高涵.2022.政策试验的两种逻辑与组织模式[J].中国行政管理，(9):60-66.Yang H S,Gao H.2022.Two logics and organizational modes of policy experimentation[J].Chinese Public Administration,(9):60-66.(in Chinese)
• 杨宏山，张健培.2023.政策试点何以悬浮?[J].治理研究，39(1):68-80.Yang H S,Zhang J P.2023.How does policy pilots turn into suspension:Based on case study of the reform of property tax pilots[J].Governance Studies,39(1):68-80.(in Chinese)
• 岳经纶，王春晓.2017.三明医改经验何以得到全国性推广?基于政策创新扩散的研究[J].广东社会科学，(5):186-197.Yue J L,Wang C X.2017.Why is Sanming model of health reform promoted nationwide?A study from the policy innovation and diffusion perspective[J].Social Sciences in Guangdong,(5):186-197.(in Chinese)
• 张克.2015a.政策试点何以扩散：基于房产税与增值税改革的比较研究[J].中共浙江省委党校学报，31(2):55-62.Zhang K.2015.Why policy pilots spread:A comparative study based on the reform of real estate tax and value added tax[J].Journal of Zhejiang Provincial Party School,31(2):55-62.(in Chinese)
• 张克.2015b.地方主官异地交流与政策扩散：以“多规合一”改革为例[J].公共行政评论，8(3):79-102.Zhang K.2015.Geographical political mobility and policy diffusion:Case study of integrated urban planning reform[J].Journal of Public Administration,8(3):79-102.(in Chinese)
• 张权，谢荻帆.2023.如何选，选得如何?政策过程中的试点单位选择及其“科学性”原则——以智慧城市试点为例[J].中共中央党校(国家行政学院)学报，27(1):85-95.Zhang Q,Xie D F.2023.How to select and how about the selection?The selection of pilot areas in policy process and its scientific principles—Taking smart city experimentation as example[J].Journal of the CCPS (CAG),27(1):85-95.(in Chinese)
• 章文光，肖彦博.2020.创新型城市试点选择的多维影响因素分析——基于2006—2016年事件分析[J].上海行政学院学报，21(6):78-89.Zhang W G,Xiao Y B.2020.Analysis of multi-dimensional influencing factors in the selection of national innovative city pilot——Based on analysis of events from 2006—2016[J].The Journal of Shanghai Administration Institute,21(6):78-89.(in Chinese)
• 张盈华.2019.我国长期护理保险：试点推进与实践探索[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.
• 郑崇明，黄志球.2022.改革初期官员激励的深圳经验与现实观照——一个政策企业家的视角[J].广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),58(3):1-10.Zheng C M,Huang Z Q.2022.Shenzhen's experience and realistic reflection on official incentive in the early stage of China's reform—A perspective of policy entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),58(3):1-10.(in Chinese)
• 郑嘉璐.2019.警惕“政绩式改革”[J].南风窗，(5):42-44.Zheng J L.2019.Be wary of “performance-based reform”[J].South Reviews,(5):42-44.(in Chinese)
• 郑文换.2015.理解政策过程：中国农村社会养老保险政策试点模式研究[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.
• 中共中央，国务院.(2015-12-03)[2022-11-12].生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点方案[EB/OL].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2015-12/03/content_5019585.htm.
• 周望.2013.中国“政策试点”研究[M].天津：天津人民出版社.
• 朱旭峰，张超.2020.央地间官员流动、信息优势与政策试点——以国家可持续发展议程创新示范区为例[J].公共行政评论，13(4):130-146.Zhu X F,Zhang C.2020.Central-local official mobility,informative advantage,and policy pilots:Case study on the national innovative demonstration zone for sustainable development in China[J].Journal of Public Administration,13(4):130-146.(in Chinese)
• 朱月华.2020.新中国成立70年来义务教育师资均衡配置政策的演变路径及展望——基于渐进主义模型的分析[J].教育科学研究，(1):5-11.Zhu Y H.2020.Evolution path and prospect of the teachers' policies of balanced allocation in compulsory education since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago[J].Educational Science Research,(1):5-11.(in Chinese)
• Allcott H.2015.Site selection bias in program evaluation[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,130(3):1117-1165.
• Banerjee A,Banerji R,Berry J,et al.2017.From proof of concept to scalable policies:Challenges and solutions,with an application[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,31(4):73-102.
• Florini A,Lai H R,Chen Y L.2012.China experiments:From local innovations to national reform[M].Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press.
• Hayes M.2006.Incrementalism and public policy[M].Lanham:University Press of America.
• He A J,Fan Y M,Su R.2023.Unpack the black box of pilot sampling in policy experimentation:A qualitative comparative analysis of China's public hospital reform[J].Governance,37(3):803-824.
• Heberer T,Trappel R.2013.Evaluation processes,local cadres' behaviour and local development processes[J].Journal of Contemporary China,22(84):1048-1066.
• Heilmann S.2008a.From local experiments to national policy:The Origins of China's distinctive policy process[J].The China Journal,(59):1-30.
• Heilmann S.2008b.Policy experimentation in China's economic rise[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,43(1):1-26.
• Lindblom C E.1959.The science of “Muddling Through”[J].Public Administration Review,19(2):79-88.
• Oi J C.1989.State and peasant in contemporary China:The political economy of village government[M].Berkeley:University of California Press.
• Shih V,Adolph C,Liu M X.2012.Getting ahead in the communist party:Explaining the advancement of central committee members in China[J].American Political Science Review,106(1):166-187.
• Simon H A.1957.Administrative behavior:A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization[M].2nd ed.New York:Macmillan.
• Simon H A.1983.Herbert A.Simon:Models of bounded rationality.Volume 1:Economic analysis and public policy.Volume 2:Behavioural Economics and Business Organization:1982 (reprinted 1983)[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press:478.
• Wang S D,Yang D Y.2021.Policy experimentation in China:The political economy of policy learning[R].Cambridge:NBER.
• Zeng J H.2015.Did policy experimentation in China always seek efficiency?A case study of Wenzhou financial reform in 2012[J].Journal of Contemporary China,24(92):338-356.
• Zhu X F,Zhao H.2021.Experimentalist governance with interactive central-local relations:Making new pension policies in China[J].Policy Studies Journal,49(1):13-36.