从心理认知途径探讨政治领域之宽恕态度衡量——以选举危机情境为例Information Integration Theory Applied to Attitudes of Forgiveness toward Politicians' Negative Events and Political Crises——Cognitive A Approach in Psychology
汪明生,邱靖蓉,杨俊杰
摘要(Abstract):
台湾地区因历史背景与政治选举文化,短时间内的人口结构转变,使得个体与个体间的价值判断产生歧义,导致群体间人际冲突的可能提升。以心理学观点视之,选民的投票抉择所涉及的因素众多,脉络关系交错难以预测,而在如此的政治生态下,了解选民面对政治人物的选举危机情境、响应策略等宽恕倾向更有其必要性,且在政治课题中的选举研究与投票抉择等相关研究中,相较于国外研究,宽恕的探讨鲜少提及与被关注。故本研究以信息整合理论(Information Integration Theory,IIT)衡量个体处理多个刺激变量(或信息)的内在过程,了解选民面对政治人物负面事件时的宽恕认知代数。研究结果显示,执政者的施政表现因子为影响选民宽恕程度的重要影响因素,其次则以有无道歉因子影响力较高,政治人物负面事件类型则相对较低,凸显出选民在面临政治人物负面事件时,宽恕程度大多取决于该政治人物过去之施政表现好坏。台湾地区由于特殊的时空背景,形成意识形态的对立,关键的症结点在于社会面与政治面,当选民斟酌状况,都能选择采取宽恕,用手中的选票理智地做出决定,超越意识形态,消弭政治上的对立,选出正确的人和政党,才能走往正确的方向。
关键词(KeyWords): 信息整合理论;态度衡量;宽恕;负面事件;选举危机情境
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 汪明生,邱靖蓉,杨俊杰
参考文献(References):
- [1]David Miller.政治哲学与幸福根基.李里峰,译.南京:译林出版社,2008.
- [1]叶浩.价值多元式正义论.“行政院国家科学委员会”专题研究计划成果报告(编号:NSC 96-2414-H-194- 001),未出版。
- [2]Scobie E D,Scobie G E W.Damaging events:The perceived need for forgiveness.Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour,1998,28(4):373-401.
- [3]Exline J J,Worthington E L,Hill P,et al.Forgiveness and justice:A research agenda for social and personality psychology.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2003,7(4):337-348.
- [4]Neto F,Pinto C,Mullet E.Seeking forgiveness in an intergroup context;Angolan,Guinean, Mozambican,and East Timorese perspectives.Regulation and Governance,2007,1(4):329-346.
- [5]Paz R,Neto F,Mullet E.Forgiveness:A China-Western Europe comparison.The Journal of Psychology,2008,142(2):147-157.
- [6]David R.Choi S Y P.Forgiveness and transitional justice in the Czech Republic.Journal of Conflict Resolution,2006,50(3):339-367.
- [7]许汉.容忍之困难与可能的解决之道.政治与社会哲学评论,2009,28:1-48.
- [8]汪睿祥,潘玉梅.选举危机与选民政党倾向——以谢长廷网民事件为例.选举评论,2008,4:41-60.
- [1]廖益兴.竞选行为效应的审视.中华行政学报,2005,2:95-102.
- [2]张佑宗.选举事件与选民的投票抉择:以台湾2004年“总统”选举为分析对象.东吴政治学报,2006,22: 121-160.
- [3]张宁,汪明生,陈耀明.以诠释结构模式法探讨直航对高雄总体发展影响之策略.管理学报,2008,25(6): 635-649.
- [4]Anderson N H.A functional theory of cognition.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.,1996.
- [5]Anderson N H.Unified social cognition.New York:Psychology Press,2008.
- [6]汪明生.两岸MPA教育之体制建构与条件检视.中国行政管理,2008,277(7):120-125.
- [7]罗春明,黄希庭.宽恕的心理学研究.心理科学进展,2004,12(6):908-915.
- [8]Mullet E,Barros J,Frongia L,et al.Religious involvement and the forgiving personality.Journal of Personality,2003,71(l):1-19.
- [9]Sastre M T M,Vinsonneau G,Neto F,et al.Forgivingness and satisfaction with life.Journal of Happiness Studies,2003,4:323-335.
- [1]Ahmed R A,Azar F,Mullet E.Interpersonal forgiveness among Kuwaiti adolescents and adults.Conflict Management and Peace Science,2007,24(3):159-170.
- [2]Azar F,Mullet E,Vinsonneau G.The propensity to forgive:Findings from Lebanon.Journal of Peace Research,1999,36(2):169-181.
- [3]Chiaramello S,Sastre M T M,Mullet E.Seeking forgiveness;Factor structure,and relationships with personality and forgivingness.Personality and Individual Differences,2008,45(5):383-388.
- [4]Girard M,Mullet E.Forgiveness in adolescents,young,middle-aged,and older adults.Journal of Adult Development,1997,4(4):209-220.
- [5]Girard M,Mullet E,Callahan S.Mathematics of forgiveness.American Journal of Psychology,2002, 115(3):351-375.
- [6]Anderson N H.Contributions to information integration theory volume I:Cognition.New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.,1991.
- [7]Anderson N H.Integration theory and attitude change.Psychological Review,1971,78(3):171-206.
- [1]Almond & Verba.公民文化五个国家的政治态度和民主制.徐湘林等译.北京:东方出版社,2008.
- [2]Inglehart R.Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society.New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1990.
- [1]宋少鹏,麻宝斌.论政治信任的结构.行政与法.2008(8):25-27.
- [1]周文钦.研究方法:实征性研究取向.台北:心理,2004.
- [2]Anderson N H.Empirical Direction in Design and Analysis.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,2001.
- [3]邱皓政.量化研究法(一):研究设计与数据处理:SPSS中文窗口版操作实务详析.修订初版.台北:双叶书廊,2008.
- [4]Fruchart E,Rulence-Paques P,Mullet E.Ecological validity test of laboratory studies of information integration.Paper presented at the Applications of Functional Measurement in Psychology,Italy,2007-05.
- [5]Dai Prd M.Test of Anderson's model of numerical rating.Paper presented at the Applications of Functional Measurement in Psychology,Italy,2007-05.
- [6]Levin I P,Louviere J J,Schepanski A A,et al.External validity of laboratory studies of information integration.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1983,31:173-193.
- [7]戴雅明.多元社会下高雄市地区营销属性与问题之判断研究——多属性权重衡量模式应用与比较.高雄;中山大学,2007.
- [8]温瑾婷.高雄市不同阶层民众在社会变迁下,对经济、社会、政治面向的价值观调查.高雄:中山大学, 2009.
- [9]Wang MS,Yang J.A multi-criterion experimental comparison of three multi-attribute weight measurement methods.Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis,1998,7:340-350.