曾婧婧

• 1:中南财经政法大学公共管理学院

摘要(Abstract)：

本期的"当季英文佳作评介"选取了最近发表在国际顶尖公共管理学、政治学以及经济学期刊上4篇采用实地试验方法的前沿文章,即采用实验室实地实验(Lab-in-the-field Experiment)研究巴基斯坦民众对国家和非国家行为体的信任,采用认可实验(Endorsement Experiment)研究韩国公务员对于部长级官员的认可,采用田野实验(Field Experiment)研究非政府组织对于中国地方官员环保合规行为的监管,采用问卷实验(Survey Experiment)研究台湾地区官员在公共服务提供中的民族歧视问题。本文分别从研究概述、实验环境、实验方法及过程、实验结果 4个方面对所选文章进行评介,以期助益中国公共管理实地试验研究方法的应用与发展。

关键词(KeyWords)： 公共管理;实地试验;实验室实验;调查实验

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目“多目标分类下政府科技悬赏策略及其优化研究”(项目批准号:71974203);; 中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务经费(项目批准号:2722020JCT026);中南财经政法大学后期资助项目(项目批准号:2722020YJ029)资助

作者(Author): 曾婧婧

参考文献(References)：

• 蔡淑铃．高等教育的扩展对教育机会分配的影响[J]．台湾社会学，2004(7):47-88.Tsai S L.2004.Effects of higher education expansion on inequality of educational opportunity[J].Taiwan Shehuixue,7:47-88.(in Chinese)
• 代涛涛，陈志霞．2019．行为公共管理研究中的实验方法:类型与应用[J]．公共行政评论，(6):166-185,203.Dai T T,Chen Z X.2019.Experimental methods in behavioral public administration:Types and applications[J].Journal of Public Administration,(6):166-185,203.(in Chinese)
• 杜宁华．2017．经济学实验的内部有效性和外部有效性---与朱富强先生商榷[J]．学术月刊，49(8):80-87.Du N H.2017.The internal validity and external validity of economicexperiments-Adiscussion with Mr.Zhu Fuqiang[J].Academic Monthly,49(8):80-87.(in Chinese)
• 李晓倩．2019．公共管理研究中实验方法的应用:质疑与辨析[J]．公共管理评论，(3):117-138.Li X Q.2019.An analysis of concerns about applying experimental methods in public administration research[J].China Public Administration Review,(3):117-138.(in Chinese)
• 马亮．2015．公共管理实验研究何以可能:一项方法学回顾[J]．甘肃行政学院学报，(4):13-23.Ma L.2015.How to use experimental methods in public administration research:Amethodological review[J].Journal of Gansu Administration Institute,(4):13-23.(in Chinese)
• 王思琦．2018．公共管理与政策研究中的实地实验:因果推断与影响评估的视角[J]．公共行政评论，11(1):87-107.Wang S Q.2018.Field experiments in research of public administration and public policy:Causal inference and impact evaluation[J].Journal of Public Administration,11(1):87-107.(in Chinese)
• 岳经纶，张虎平．2018．实验方法在公共管理研究中的应用:基于PAR和JPART两种期刊(2010-2017)的文献分析[J]．中国公共政策评论，(2):39-59.Ngok K,Zhang H P.2019.Application of experimental methods in public management research:Literature analysis from 2010 to 2017 in PAR and JPART[J].Chinese Public Policy Review,(2):39-59.(in Chinese)
• Acemoglu D,Ticchi D,Vindigni A.2011.Emergence and persistence of inefficient states[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,9(2):177-208．
• Adres E,Vashdi D R,Zalmanovitch Y.2016.Globalization and the retreat of citizen participation in collective action:A challenge for public administration[J].Public Administration Review,76(1):142-152．
• Amsden A H.1992.Asia's next giant:South Korea and late industrialization[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press．
• Anderson S E,Buntaine M T,Liu M D,et al.2019.Non-governmental monitoring of local governments increases compliance with central mandates:A national-scale field experiment in China[J].American Journal of Political Science,63(3):626-643．
• Andeweg R B.2000.Ministers as double agents?The delegation process between cabinet and ministers[J].European Journal of Political Research,37(3):377-395．
• Angrist J D,Pischke J S.2010.The credibility revolution in empirical economics:How better research design is taking the con out of econometrics[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,24(2):3-30．
• Bailey M.2016.Real econometrics:The right tools to answer important questions[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press．
• Bali V.2009.Tinkering toward a national identification system:An experiment on policy attitudes[J].Policy Studies Journal,37(2):233-255．
• Barnes T D,Beaulieu E,Saxton G W.2018.Restoring trust in the police:Why female officers reduce suspicions of corruption[J].Governance,31(1):143-161．
• BelléN.2013.Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance[J].Public Administration Review,73(1):143-153．
• BelléN.2014.Leading to make a difference:A field experiment on the performance effects of transformational leadership,perceived social impact,and public service motivation[J].Journal of Public Administration Research&Theory,24(1):109-136．
• Besley T,Persson T.2009.The origins of state capacity:Property rights,taxation,and politics[J].American Economic Review,99(4):1218-1244．
• Bhanot S P,Linos E.2020.Behavioral public administration:Past,present,and future[J].Public Administration Review,80(1):168-171．
• Brohi N.2016.Women,Violence and Jirgas[EB/OL].http://www.af.org.pk/gep/images/publications/Research%20Studies%20 (Gender%20Based%20Violence)/NB%20NCSW%20JIRGAS.pdf．
• Brown-Kruse J,Hummels D.1993.Gender effects in laboratory public goods contribution:Do individuals put their money where their mouth is?[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,22(3):255-267．
• Bullock W,Imai K,Shapiro J N.2011.Statistical analysis of endorsement experiments:Measuring support for militant groups in Pakistan[J].Political Analysis,19 (4):363-384．
• Butler D M,Broockman D E.2011.Do politicians racially discriminate againstconstituents?Afield experiment on state legislators[J].American Journal of Political Science,55 (3):463-477．
• Chabal P M.2003.Do ministers matter?The individual style of ministers in programmed policy change[J].International Review of Administrative Sciences,69(1):29-49．
• Chaudhary M A.1999.Justice in practice:Legal ethnography of a Pakistani Punjabi Village[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press．
• Cheema A,Hameed Z,Shapiro J.2017.Victimization,citizen engagement,and policing in Lahore[R].Institute of Development and Economic Alternatives,Policy Report,Lahore,Pakistan．
• Chong A,León-Ciliotta G,Roza V,et al.2019.Urbanization patterns,information diffusion,and female voting in Rural Paraguay[J].American Journal of Political Science,63(2):323-341．
• Chu J J.2000.From incorporation to exclusion:The employment experience of Taiwanese urban aborigines[J].The China Quarterly,164:1025-1043．
• Clark J.1995.The state,popular participation,and the voluntary sector[J].World Development,23(4):593-601．
• Clark J A.2004.Islam,charity,and activism:Middle-class networks and social welfare in Egypt,Jordan,and Yemen[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press．
• Cohen N,Hertz U.2020.Street-level bureaucrats'social value orientation on and off duty[J].Public Administration Review,80(3):442-453．
• Cummings R G,Holt C A,Laury S K.2004.Using laboratory experiments for policymaking:An example from the Georgia irrigation reduction auction[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,23(2):341-363．
• Davies E,Gift T,Lastra-Anadón C X.Forthcoming.How global performance assessments shape attitudes toward government decision-making:Survey experimental evidence[J].Governance．
• Deaton A.2010.Instruments,randomization,and learning about development[J].Journal of Economic Literature,48(2):424-455．
• de FineLicht J.2014.Policy area as a potential moderator of transparency effects:An experiment[J].Public Administration Review,74(3):361-371．
• De Fine Licht J,Naurin D,Esaiasson P,et al.2014.When does transparency generate legitimacy?Experimenting on a context-bound relationship[J].Governance,27 (1):111-134．
• Devas N,Grant U.2003.Local government decision-making-citizen participation and local accountability:Some evidence from Kenya and Uganda[J].Public Administration and Development,23(4):307-316．
• Distelhorst G,Hou Y.2014.Ingroup bias in official behavior:A national field experiment in China[J].Quarterly Journal of Political Science,9(2):203-230．
• Driscoll A,Cepaluni G,de SáGuimares F,et al.2018.Prejudice,strategic discrimination,and the electoral connection:Evidence from a pair of field experiments in Brazil[J].American Journal of Political Science,62(4):781-795．
• Einstein K L,Glick D M.2017.Does race affect access to government services?An experiment exploring street-level bureaucrats and access to public housing[J].American Journal of Political Science,61(1):100-116．
• Foster K W.2001.Associations in the embrace of an authoritarian state:State domination of society?[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,35(4):84-109．
• Gaikwad N,Nellis G.Forthcoming.Do politicians discriminate against internal migrants?Evidence from nationwide field experiments in India[J].American Journal of Political Science．
• Gayer L.2014.Karachi:Ordered disorder and the struggle for the city[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press．
• Gerber A S,Huber G A,Meredith M,et al.2015.Can incarcerated felons be (Re) integrated into the political system?Results from a field experiment[J].American Journal of Political Science,59(4):912-926．
• Goodwin L.1976.Social experiments and policy research[J].Policy Studies Journal,5 (2):244-250．
• Gottlieb J.2016.Greater expectations:A field experiment to improve accountability in Mali[J].American Journal of Political Science,60(1):143-157．
• Grimmelikhuijsen S,Porumbescu G,Hong B,et al.2013.The effect of transparency on trust in government:A cross-national comparative experiment[J].Public Administration Review,73(4):575-586．
• Gubits D,Shinn M,Wood M,et al.2018.What interventions work best for families who experience homelessness?Impact estimates from the family options study[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,37(4):835-866．
• Guul T S,Villadsen A R,Wulff J N.2019.Does good performance reduce bad behavior?Antecedents of ethnic employment discrimination in public organizations[J].Public Administration Review,79(5):666-674．
• Harmsen E.2008.Islam,civil society and social work:Muslim voluntary welfare associations in Jordan between patronage and empowerment[M].Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press．
• Harrits G S.2019.Stereotypes in context:How and when do street-level bureaucrats use class stereotypes?[J].Public Administration Review,79(1):93-103．
• Herbst J.2014.States and power in Africa:Comparative lessons in authority and control[M].2nd ed.Princeton:Princeton University Press．
• Heurlin C.2010.Governing civil society:The political logic of NGO-state relations under dictatorship[J].Voluntas,21(2):220-239．
• Hibbing J R,Alford J R.2004.Accepting authoritative decisions:Humans as wary cooperators[J].American Journal of Political Science,48(1):62-76．
• Ho C S,Tsai A C.2007.Prevalence of overweight and obesity and its associated factors in aboriginal Taiwanese:Findings from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,16(3):572-579．
• Hock S,Anderson S,Potoski M.2013.Invitation phone calls increase attendance at civic meetings:Evidence from a field experiment[J].Public Administration Review,73 (2):221-228．
• Huang S M,Liu S H.2016.Discrimination and incorporation of Taiwanese indigenous Austronesian peoples[J].Asian Ethnicity,17(2):294-312．
• Jackson J,Asif M,Bradford B,et al.2014.Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore,Pakistan[J].British Journal of Criminology,54(6):1067-1088．
• Jakobsen M,Andersen S C.2013.Intensifying social exchange relationships in public organizations:Evidence from a randomized field experiment[J].Journal of Policy Analysis&Management,32(1):60-82．
• James O.2011.Performance measures and democracy:Information effects on citizens in field and laboratory experiments[J].Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,21(3):399-418．
• Jing Y J,Cui Y Y,Li D Y.2015.The politics of performance measurement in China[J].Policy and Society,34(1):49-61．
• Johnson C A.1982.MITI and the Japanese miracle:The growth of industrial policy:1925-1975[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press．
• Johnson T.2011.Environmental information disclosure in China:Policy developments and NGOresponses[J].Policy&Politics,39(3):399-416．
• Joyce T,Remler D K,Jaeger D A,et al.2017.On measuring and reducing selection bias with a quasi-doubly randomized preference trial[J].Journal of Policy Analysis&Management,36(2):438-459．
• King G,Gakidou E,Ravishankar N,et al.2007.A“politically robust”experimental design for public policy evaluation,with application to the Mexican Universal Health Insurance program[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,26(3):479-506．
• Ku K H.2005.Rights to recognition:Minority/indigenous politics in the emerging Taiwanese nationalism[J].Social Analysis,49(2):99-121．
• Lee D S.2018.Portfolioallocation as the president's calculations:Loyalty,copartisanship,and political context in South Korea[J].Journal of East Asian Studies,18(3):345-365．
• Lee D S,Park S.2020.Ministerial leadership and endorsement of bureaucrats:Experimental evidence from presidential governments[J].Public Administration Review,80 (3):426-441．
• Lee S Y,Moon M J,Hahm S D.2010.Dual faces of ministerial leadership in South Korea:Does political responsiveness or administrative responsibility enhance perceived ministerial performance?[J].Administration and Society,42(S1):77S-101S．
• Levitt S D,List J A.2007.What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world?[J].The Journal of Economic Perspectives,21(2):153-174．
• Li G Q,He Q,Shao S,et al.2018.Environmental non-governmental organizations and urban environmental governance:Evidence from China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,206:1296-1307．
• Lim S,Tanaka S.2019.Work disincentive perceptions and welfare state attitudes:A survey experiment in South Korea[J].Governance,32(3):457-473．
• Linos E,Quan L T,Kirkman E.2020.Nudging early reduces administrative burden:Three field experiments to improve code enforcement[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,39(1):243-265．
• Lu F W.2014.Insurance coverage and agency problems in doctor prescriptions:Evidence from a field experiment in China[J].Journal of Development Economics,106:156-167．
• Lucas A M,McEwan P J,Ngware M,et al.2014.Improving early-grade literacy in East Africa:Experimental evidence from Kenya and Uganda[J].Journal of Policy Analysis&Management,33(4):950-976．
• Magat W A,Payne J W,Brucato P F.1986.How important is information format?An experimental study of home energy audit programs[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,6(1):20-34．
• Mki U.2005.Models are experiments,experiments are models[J].Journal of Economic Methodology,12(2):303-315．
• Malesky E J,Nguyen C V,Tran A.2014.The impact of recentralization on public services:Adifference-in-differences analysis of the abolition of elected councils in Vietnam[J].American Political Science Review,108(1):144-168．
• Martini A,Azzolini D,Romano B,et al.Forthcoming.Increasing college going by incentivizing savings:Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Italy[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management．
• McClendon G H.2016.Race and responsiveness:An experiment with South African politicians[J].Journal of Experimental Political Science,3(1):60-74．
• Mertha A.2009．“Fragmented authoritarianism 2.0”:Political pluralization in the Chinese policy process[J].The China Quarterly,200:995-1012．
• Migdal J S.1988.Strong societies and weak states:State-society relations and state capabilities in the third world[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press．
• Nowell C,Tinkler S.1994.The influence of gender on the provision of a public good[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,25(1):25-36．
• O'Leary C J,Spiegelman R G,Kline K J.1995.Do bonus offers shorten unemployment insurance spells?Results from the Washington experiment[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,14(2):245-269．
• Olsen A L.2015.Citizen (Dis) satisfaction:An experimental equivalence framing study[J].Public Administration Review,75(3):469-478．
• Oreopoulos P,Ford R.2019.Keeping college options open:A field experiment to help all high school seniors through the college application process[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,38(2):426-454．
• Pekkanen R,Nyblade B,Krauss E S.2006.Electoral incentives in mixed-member systems:Party,posts,and zombie politicians in Japan[J].American Political Science Review,100(2):183-193．
• Rhodes R A W.2005.Everyday life in a ministry[J].American Review of Public Administration,35(1):3-25．
• Roy S.2013.Hamas and civil society in Gaza:Engaging the Islamist social sector[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press．
• Scott P G,Pandey S K.2000.The influence of red tape on bureaucratic behavior:An experimental simulation[J].Journal of Policy Analysis&Management,19(4):615-633．
• Seroczynski A D,Evans W N,Jobst A D,et al.2016.Reading for life and adolescent rearrest:Evaluating a unique juvenile diversion program[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,35(3):662-682．
• Siddique O.2013.Pakistan's experience with formal law:An alien justice[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press．
• Sims C A.2010.But economics is not an experimental science[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,24(2):59-68．
• Teets J.2018.The power of policy networks in authoritarian regimes:Changing environmental policy in China[J].Governance,31(1):125-141．
• Templeman K.2018.When do electoral quotas advance indigenous representation?:Evidence from the Taiwanese legislature[J].Ethnopolitics,17(5):461-484．
• Tsai Y Y.2007.Migration,mental frustration,and modernity:The social origins of the mental disorders of the Tao aboriginal people on Taiwan's Orchid Island[J].Taiwan Sociology,13:1-69．
• Van Ryzin G G.2013.An experimental test of the expectancy-disconfirmation theory of citizen satisfaction[J].Journal of Policy Analysis&Management,32(3):597-614．
• Wade R.1990.Governing the market:Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialization[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press．
• Wang J H,Wang S Y.2019.Indigenous social policy and social inclusion in Taiwan[J].Sustainability,11(12):3458．
• Weiss J A.1982.Coping with complexity:An experimental study of public policy decisionmaking[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2(1):66-87．
• Wen C P,Tsai S P,Shih Y T,et al.2004.Bridging the gap in life expectancy of the aborigines in Taiwan[J].International Journal of Epidemiology,33(2):320-327．
• Wong K K.2005.Greening of the Chinese mind:Environmentalism with Chinese characteristics[J].Asia-Pacific Review,12(2):39-57．
• Zhang J N,Perloff J M,Lu F W.2020.Informing and inquiring:Experimental evidence on reducing traffic violations[J].Journal of Development Economics,147:102534.
• (1)受期刊数据的可得性限制，每本期刊文献搜集的起始年份并不一致。另外，选择JPE和AJPS正好代表了经济学和政治学兄弟期刊，以考察公共管理、政治学、经济学在实验方法上的共性与特性。此处感谢黄桂花、保瑞、姜美全3位同学对于这7本期刊的梳理与统计，当然，文责自负。
• (2)发文数量见图1，由于接下来是比较公共管理相关领域的期刊实地试验发文特征，此处只列出了除JPE之外的6本期刊的发文数量。
• (1)这4篇文章均出自本人与研究生每周seminar的文献分享，此处感谢周淼然、周丹萍、姜美全与吴亚美4位同学对文献的梳理，同时也感谢所有参与研讨的学生们的智慧贡献。当然，文责自负。由于篇幅所限，本文仅展示简要版本，完整版请查阅公众号:经管论文共同体。
• (2)实验室实地实验(Lab-in-the-field Experiment)融合了实验室实验(lab experiment)和实地实验(field experiment)，使用来自实验室的标准化范式，在自然环境中对相关人群进行实验。
• (1)研究在初步设计时还包括国家消极实验、非国家积极实验和非国家消极实验等试点性(Piloted)实验，这些实验提供的信息也基于真实的媒体报道，但其结果的影响都大同小异，基于统计力等实际因素的考虑，仅扩大SP实验的规模。
• (1)接触实验(Contacting experiments)广泛用于了解地方官员对公民的反应。通过随机改变与官员联系的公民的身份或公民诉求的内容，以了解官员对谁以及何种信息更为敏感。
• (1)Public Administration Review在2020年第1期开辟了行为公共管理学的专栏。