走向合作监管:改革开放以来我国食品安全监管方式的演变逻辑——基于438份中央政策文本的内容分析(1979—2017)Toward Collaborative Regulation:The Logic Behind the Evolution of Food-Safety Regulation in China Since the Reform and Opening-Up:Content Analysis Based on 438 Policy Texts( 1979—2017) Issued by the Central Government
霍龙霞,徐国冲
摘要(Abstract):
本文以1979—2017年中央发布的438份政策文本为研究对象,运用内容分析法,梳理了改革开放后我国食品安全监管方式的使用概况与演变历程。从方式类型上看,我国综合运用了强制型监管、激励型监管、能力建设型监管与象征劝诱型监管方式,但存在结构性失衡:强制型监管供给过溢,激励型监管、能力建设型监管供给不足。从演变历程上看,遵循从对抗型监管走向合作型监管的发展逻辑——强制性、对抗性元素渐次收缩,柔性、协同性元素稳步扩张。其中,象征劝诱型监管日益获得重视,社会共治成为着力构建的新模式。上述变化源于监管环境带来的契机以及监管过程转变的需要。
关键词(KeyWords): 食品安全监管;监管方式;合作监管
基金项目(Foundation): 厦门大学繁荣哲学社会科学项目“国家治理现代化理论与实践”(项目批准号:0220-Y07200);; 教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“基本公共服务均等化实施效度和实现程度研究”(项目批准号:18JZD047)资助
作者(Author): 霍龙霞,徐国冲
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- (1)欠缺控制的命令(command without control)一词由Kostka(2016)提出,用于描述我国环境监管中由于央地信息不对称导致的现象,即虽然中央政府掌握了目标设定权,但对执行与监测过程控制较小。这一概念同样可用于描述重审批、轻监管的现象。监管部门虽然有权就企业的生产过程或结果设置标准,但疏于监管的做法削弱了对企业的控制,蜕化为无控制的命令。
- (1)例如,《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》《中华人民共和国食品卫生法(试行)》《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》等重要法律均被排除。因此,有必要进行二次检索。
- (2)例如,《人力资源和社会保障部、国家食品药品监督管理总局关于撤销天津市静海区市场和质量监督管理局食品安全监管科全国食品药品监督管理系统先进集体荣誉称号的通知》仅通报处理结果,并未说明食品安全监管的具体内容,因此被剔除。
- (3)例如,《国家食品药品监督管理总局食品安全监管三司关于核实安泰降压宝胶囊等保健食品批准证书持有企业信息的函》被剔除。
- (4)由于资料收集时点限制,收集的是2017年9月21日(含)之前出台的政策文本。
- (1)我国于1965年出台《食品卫生管理试行条例》,该条例在1979年正式废止。
- (2)参见《食品卫生法》第5条。
- (1)落实企业经营主体责任是指监管部门检查监管对象是否落实内部监管制度。在此情境下,企业无权决定是否建立内部监管制度,因此属于强制型监管方式。
- (1)具体包括标准制(修)订、政策支持、飞行检查、税费减免、信贷支持。
- (1)详细内容参见《国家食品安全监管体系“十二五”规划》中“食品安全诚信体系建设”。